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SOC212 > SOC212 - 8. Drugs > Flashcards

SOC212 - 8. Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction

A

Drug use is common way of life for many Canadians

“Drugs” is loosely defined term that covers a range of substances from aspirin to alcohol and cocaine to cough syrup

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2
Q

Introduction

A

drug is a socially defined + labeled by society.
labels change
vary by the purpose: recreational vs medical use

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3
Q

Introduction

A

ultimately defined by social norms + ppl in power

Deviant vs non-deviant drug use

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4
Q

Social Attitudes & Drugs

A

Character of drug
Cocaine was acceptable in 1830-1850s used in wine
During the 19th century people regarded drug addiction as personal problem.

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5
Q

Social Attitudes & Drugs

A

Most attitudes identifying drug use as deviance developed
during the 20th century - link betw characteristics of person + drugs
smoking - used to be normal

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6
Q

Social Attitudes & Drugs

A

change in public opinion for some drugs followed acceptance of link between drug use + disvalued lifestyles.
Canada - health care is covered so prevent illness - saves money

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7
Q

Canadian Drug Laws

A

Opium Act – 1908, 1911 used as medicine
regulated more
Moral Panics: public outrage galvinized certain issue
religious + political influences

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8
Q

Canadian Drug Laws

A

Race: racial politics - control chinese immigrants
ignored drugs powerful ppl use + criminalize drugs minority used to control them
control, punish chinese folks + drive them out

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9
Q

Canadian Drug Laws

A

Marijuana claims that only way out of prosecution was insanity, abandonment or death
medical marijuana: 59 to 71% now support decriminalization of weed

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10
Q

Canadian Drug Laws

A

Medical Exemptions: cultivation of hemp legal
prescription from doctor
controlled by health canada

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11
Q

The Case of Marijuana (U.S.)

A

prohibition centred around Harrison Act of 1914 - selling + using weed, coke without prescription
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937

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12
Q

The Case of Marijuana (U.S.)

A

National Problem: Visibility increased
Threat to health and morality
Youth: change in how ppl saw youth + social conflicts

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13
Q

The Case of Marijuana

A

Marijuana symbolized divide between youthful protest and mature conservatism, between the status quo + change.

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14
Q

The Case of Marijuana

A

Immigration & Racism: control + punish mexican
cannabis to marijuana because it sounded more mexican
race + drug laws are linked
drugs that racialized folk will use

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15
Q

The Case of Marijuana

A

Economics & Industry: hemp is versatile product

lobby groups for banning hemp as drug prevention, but really as a way to protect cotton industry

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16
Q

The Case of Marijuana

A

Jurisdictional Politics
prison system: drug users 25% of prison population
increased by 800% since drug laws were increased

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17
Q

The Case of Marijuana

A

federal gov: way to have control

drug laws not necessarily about damage of drugs: about politics, voting, economy, gender, race

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18
Q

The Case of Marijuana

A

Cocaine use generally occurred among rich, upper class people as an occasional practice

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19
Q

The Case of Cocaine

A

With lower costs for cocaine demographic of users began to change
variety of uses

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20
Q

The Case of Cocaine

A

Crack cocaine became cheap form of cocaine that quickly flooded urban areas

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21
Q

The Case of Cocaine

A

1980s: price dropped - went from high class to middle class
more effeciencies in transportation
drugs are biggest school problem

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22
Q

Public Policy & the War on Drugs

A

Public concern over drugs varies

Links between drug-taking behaviour + general behaviour patterns

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23
Q

Public Policy & the War on Drugs

A

Judgments of deviance will likely target use of drugs
perceived as popular among less powerful groups.
criminalize drugs used by powerless and minority

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24
Q

Public Policy & the War on Drugs

A

Moral panics

Political uses: it takes more to put rich drug users in jail

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25
Q

Public Policy & the War on Drugs

A

criminalize drugs used by powerless + minority
punished diff - 5 years (5 grams of crack vs 500 grams of powdered coke)
it takes more to put rich drug users in jail

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26
Q

Legal Drug Use

A

Drug use also involves legal substances with socially approved applications:
• Prescription Drugs: women more likely to take
• Amphetamines & Barbiturates

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27
Q

Types of Illegal Drugs

A 
Drugs fall into categories depending on their general
effects on the body.
• Morphine &Heroin
• Methadone
• Cocaine & Crack
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28
Q

Types of Illegal Drugs

A

Marijuana
Barbiturates
weed, coke, meth more mentioned in media

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29
Q

Types of Illegal Drugs

A

Methamphetamine
Hallucinogens: acid, molly, mdma, lsd
Designer Drugs

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30
Q

Marijuana Use

A

Marijuana most widely used illicit drug in Canada
40% admit to using it
44% admit using it at least once

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31
Q

Marijuana Use

A

Extent of use: social drug

Marijuana can help to establish pattern of social relations in some groups

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32
Q

Marijuana = Gateway Drug?

A

Research has found no relationship linking marijuana use to the use of other drugs
There is no evidence for the gateway theory.

33
Q

Marijuana = Gateway Drug?

A

Correlational, not causal relationships: heavier drug users do weed as well, but not causal

34
Q

Heroin Use

A

Patterns of Heroin Use: 19th century nearly 2/3 of heroin users were women. 40-50 age range
20th century: drug’s popularity peaked in most large U.S. cities during the 1960s

35
Q

Heroin Use

A

Characteristics of heroin users:
Common among young, urban, racialized, lower-SES men from large cities
can vary: users range from ‘street addicts’ to performers to physicians

36
Q

Cocaine Use

A

spread of cocaine use in late 60s + early 70s was result of two events:
U.S. Congress passed legislation reducing legal limits on
production of amphetamines + controls on depressants

37
Q

Cocaine Use

A

World Bank allocated funds to build new highway in high jungles of Peru
crack widely available

38
Q

Cocaine Use

A

Extent of Cocaine Use

crack outside of Rob Ford’s social standing

39
Q

Understanding Addiction

A

term addiction refers to physical dependence, “an adaptive state of the body manifested by physical disturbances when drug use stops” (Milby, 1981: 3). - withdrawals

40
Q

Understanding Addiction

A

Many professionals prefer to discuss “tolerance,” “dependence,” + “abstinence syndrome” instead changes body chemistry, brain wiring
build up tolerance - need larger doses

41
Q

Addiction as Socialization

A

Opiate addiction can be seen as learned behaviour - socialization
Primarily in association + communication with other addicts

42
Q

Addiction as Socialization

A

Process of Addiction (Waldorf, 1983):
1. Experimentation or Initiation - often teenage years
steps
2. Escalation

43
Q

Addiction as Socialization

A
  1. Maintaining or “Taking Care of Business”

4. Dysfunction or “Going through Changes”

44
Q

Addiction as Socialization

A
  1. Recovery or “Getting Out of the Life”.

6. Ex-Addict

45
Q

Theories of Addiction

A

Lindesmith’s theory emphasizes attractiveness of drug to users - media portrayal
Drug addiction results when people use drugs because they fear the pain or discomfort associated with withdrawal

46
Q

Theories of Addiction

A

Stephens (1991) found street addicts use heroin not necessarily to counter pain of withdrawal but to experience the drug high - appeal of being high

47
Q

Theories of Addiction

A

concentrates more on the negative physical consequences of stopping opiate use, that is, withdrawal symptoms - fear associated with withdrawal

48
Q

Theories of Addiction

A

Subcultural Influences: some more prevalent
can become career - underground economy
reaction to lack of legit drug choices
organize norms around supply + distribution of drugs

49
Q

Addiction as a Disease

A

Complex blend of biology, environment + development
influences
gender, ethnicity may factor in
environment: friends, life quality, peer pressure, stress
Similar to most major diseases

50
Q

Addiction as a Disease

A

Repeated abuse of drugs or alcohol will rewire brain - makes it harder to stop
can account of 50% of addictive vulnerability
greater likelihood of getting addicted to something else later on

51
Q

Addiction as a Disease

A

Children of those with addiction
Addiction is NOT weakness - illness
needs treatment, genetic factors + lifestyle
crosses every social boundary

52
Q

Addiction as a Disease

A

developmental stages
lifecourse theory - junctures important
offtrack at one which can change trajectory

53
Q

The Costs of Addiction

A

Social costs: affects relationships - families
child abuse, abuse
Economic costs: 600 billion dollars a year

54
Q

The Costs of Addiction

A

Heath care: drugs that we police cause less economic harm than tobacco + alcohol
40 billion

55
Q

The Costs of Addiction

A

Pain + suffering: 10% of Canadian pop has used illicit drugs (not including weed)
80% drink

56
Q

Control & Punishment

A

Policies:
Control substances themselves
Control behavior of people involved with them

57
Q

Control & Punishment

A

Applying Criminal Sanctions:
Legalist perspective
Public health perspective

58
Q

Control & Punishment

A

Drug Policy: relationship betw addiction + crimes committed to fund purchases
laws affecting manufacturing, selling

59
Q

Control & Punishment

A

Unequal policing & punishment

latinos more likely to be arrested for drugs even though white men are more likely to sell drugs

60
Q

Control & Punishment

A

Public Health perspective

Prevention through education & awareness

61
Q

Treatment & Prevention

A

Treatment programs offer alternative to legally oriented response to drug additions: more outreach + support
Treatment promotes abstinence from drugs + pursues intermediate goal: better ones focus on harm reduction (Levinson, 2002).

62
Q

Treatment & Prevention

A

Harm Reduction: seeks to decrease the adverse health, social + economic consequences of drug use without requiring abstinence from drug use.
Methadone Clinics: manage alcohol addiction
designated driver

63
Q

Society’s Response

A

Stigma: moral component
shame or disgrace attached to something not social
reinforce social norms

64
Q

Society’s Response

A

Barrier: reinforce social boundaries
social control
Discrimination
Language

65
Q

What to do…?

A

Prohibition vs Decriminalization: Some believe attempts to suppress drug use have made it more difficult to control drug traffic + drug prices

66
Q

What to do…?

A

Underground economy & crime
Increased focus on treatment programs
Harm Reduction

67
Q

What to do…?

A

means it strives to decrease the adverse health, social + economic consequences of drug use without requiring abstinence from drug use

68
Q

Safe Injection Sites

A

Insite, Vancouver - home to about 12,000 injection drug users, with more than 1/3 living in the Downtown Eastside
legally sanctioned places to do drugs

69
Q

Safe Injection Sites

A

Four purposes: It keeps people from transmitting
infectious diseases.
hygenic + stress free environment - use drugs safely
Increases access health care services, including primary care + addiction treatment.

70
Q

Safe Injection Sites

A

brings stability to the community
designed to decrease the harm + nuisance
stabilizes people’s health - lowered overdose deaths

71
Q

Ireland

A

intention to decriminalise small amounts of heroin,
cocaine & cannabis
Supervised injection rooms

72
Q

Ireland

A

Crime to profit from sale of distribution of illegal drugs

Drug users no longer criminalized for their addictions, but still illegal to sell + produce

73
Q

Self-Help Programs

A

Ppl struggling with addiction may find assistance in quitting drugs through self-help groups operated by former addicts, such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Synanon

74
Q

Self-Help Programs

A

NA replaces norms + attitudes favoring use of drugs with those opposed to drug use
interpersonal coordination and support

75
Q

Self-Help Programs

A

Synanon program applies learning/socialization theory of

deviance to treatments of drug addicts

76
Q

Prevention Strategies

A

Two strategies attempt to prevent drug use:

Imply threats intended to scare potential users away from drugs

77
Q

Prevention Strategies

A

Conduct education programs specially designed to alert potential users to dangers + consequences of drug use.
interpersonal coordination and support

78
Q

Scare Tactics

A

Scare Tactics may come in form of media messages.

These messages are typically geared toward young users + stress the negative physical consequences of taking drugs.

79
Q

Scare Tactics

A

-tend not to work

SOC212 (13 decks)

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