Social Development

Question 1

Emotional recognition in infants stages

Answer 1

36 hours - Can distinguish happy/sad/surprised emotions
5 months - prefer matching sounds and expressions (laughing with happy face)
Six months - Recognize emotional cues

• Like familiarity

Question 2

Social smile

Answer 2

• 3 months, infants begin to smile in response to social cues

Question 3

Contagious crying

Answer 3

• 3-6 months, may cry when seeing another infant cry
• 2 theories explain this: EMPATHY and EMOTIONAL OVERREACTION

Question 4

Tronick’s still-face experiment

Answer 4

Three phases:
1) Normal interaction - mother and infant, happy and positive
2) Still face phase - Mother has a still face, infant is confused/distressed. Tries to gain their attention and a positive response.
3) Reunion phase - mother resumes happy expressions, infant happy again.

• infants are not PASSIVE, but ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS

Question 5

What age do infants become active learners?

Answer 5

6-18 months

Question 6

Joint attention

Answer 6

• Wants to learn with others
• GAZE and POINT is good

Question 7

Social referencing

Answer 7

• If mum is happy, infant explores
• If mum is sad, infant doesn’t

Question 8

Visual cliff paradigm

Answer 8

• If mum looks fearful that there is a cliff ahead, infant won’t crawl

Question 9

Types of mental states

Answer 9

1) Desires (I want)
2) Thoughts (I think)
3) Beliefs (I believe)
4) Perception (I see)

Question 10

Focus on desire (Scaffolding)

Answer 10

• Between 6-18 months
• “Do YOU want an apple”, so baby thinks they want it
• Self-first, then others

Question 11

Self-awareness (Mirror test)

Answer 11

• 18 months-3/4 years
• sticker on nose, if they touch mirror/their actual face to remove it

Question 12

Gradual understanding

Answer 12

At 18 months, TELEGRAPHIC (2-word) speech:
TWO TYPES:
1) DESIRE - “Want cake”
2) PERCEPTION - “See dog”

At 30 months, THOUGHTS = “I Think the dog is cute”

Desire -> Perception -> Thoughts

Question 13

Repacholi and Gopnik Experiment

Answer 13

• 18-36 months
• Understand others desires/mental states
• Infant gives person broccoli cuz they said it was yum

Question 14

Learn to help

Answer 14

• At 14 months
• TWO MAIN VIEWS:
  1) Helping because they understand others mental state.
  2) Helping as they learned an association between event and actions

Question 15

Sharing

Answer 15

18 months: Need explicit prompts, “Can you share your block with me”
3-4 years: Share spontaneously

Question 16

Comforting behavior

Answer 16

• 24 months
• Helping and sharing is easier as it has clear, visible needs
• Children must empathize to comfort

Question 17

Order of prosocial behaviors

Answer 17

Helping emerges around 14 months.
Sharing emerges around 18 months.
Comforting emerges last, around 24 months.

Question 18

Theory of mind

Answer 18

• 4 years
• ability to understand others’ mental states and predict their behavior. Called mindreading or mentalizing.

Question 19

Visual perspective taking

Answer 19

• 3 years
• Child covers their eyes when they are visible as they think others cannot see them

Question 20

Appearance Reality Task

Answer 20

If kid finds marker in band-aid box, they think all kids will there will be a marker in it.

Question 21

False belief test (Wimmer and Perner)

Answer 21

Sally puts marble in basket, Anne moves it to box, will Sally look for it in basket or box?

3.5 years will say box
4.5 years will say basket (knowing Sally has a false belief)

Question 22

Theory of Mind at school

Answer 22

Benefits:
More popular as they understand others feelings etc

Negative:
They can manipulate, bully, be more sensitive to criticism from teachers

Question 23

Simon Baron-Cohen Study

Answer 23

Used false belief test on:
Children with autism (20% passed)
Children with Down Syndrome (85% passed)
Typically developing 4-year-olds (85% passed)