Socialism Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
These should be produced with the aim of benefiting all.
A
Basic goods
2
Q
They reject this. It should be owned communally by society.
A
Private property
3
Q
Against this economic system and its unequal distribution of power.
A
Capitalism
4
Q
This led to dangerous, difficult, undignified factory work in the first half of the 19th century.
A
Industrial revolution
5
Q
Socialists morally object to exploitation, poverty, and greed because it leads to this:
A
Increased inequality
6
Q
Thomas More was known as a martyr to what religion?
A
Catholicism
7
Q
Thomas More was murdered for treason for refusing to do this:
A
Swear an oath to the Church of England
8
Q
In Thomas More’s book Utopia he argued against these two things is social and economic relationships:
A
Poverty and inequality
9
Q
This pre-industrial capitalist saw the injustice in persecuting people for theft with death by starvation or strangulation.
A
Thomas More
10
Q
Thomas More wanted to abolish these two things:
A
Money and private property
11
Q
According to More, distribution should be according to this, everyone must work and every family can draw from the common stock.
A
Need
12
Q
True or false: More thought that conflict and inequality were natural.
A
False. He wanted society to be ride of pride, greed and envy.
13
Q
Thomas More’s requirement to distribute goods in this way was also known as a requirement of justice.
A
Equally
14
Q
Humans are intended to live in a state of peace and harmony, and overcome these:
A
Negative emotions
15
Q
Saint Simon believed there were historical stages defined by these: This displayed a pattern, and indicated the “march towards socialism”.
A
Dominant classes
16
Q
Saint Simon’s economic system was to be based on this: Dominant views legitimize systems, and old society gives way to new society.
A
Beliefs
17
Q
Saint Simon suggested we replace capitalist inefficiency with this:
A
Expert planning and organizational hierarchy
18
Q
Saint Simon’s government was not to be connected with impulses of this kind:
A
Democratic
19
Q
For Saint Simon, science was to be used as an instrument of this:
A
Social planning
20
Q
For Saint Simon, government of men and politics should be replaced with social harmony, this becomes unnecessary:
A
Coercive law
21
Q
Fourier called selfishness, false beliefs, and material and emotional poverty the evils of this:
A
Commercial society
22
Q
Fourier argued that there should be free and full cooperation for the common good. This could become a form of self expression:
A
Work
23
Q
For Fourier, the state was needed to enforce this:
A
Inequality
24
Q
For Fourier, bringing about change of this was one that would free us all.
A
Human nature
25
Robert Owen believed that human nature was this: or capable of being shaped. Anyone could be given a certain kind of character.
Malleable
26
He blamed debauchery, drunkenness, and theft (the original sin) on society and deformed social systems.
Robert Owen
27
Owen thought that capitalism rewarded these two things: Unequally, but not in any relation to social functionality. Instead, he suggested we should be rewarded based on:
Greed and selfishness, social good that we produce
28
True or false: Owen believed that we should produce independently for our individual benefit.
False. He thought that we should produce cooperatively for the public.
29
He was against child labour.
Robert Owen
30
Owen's social experiment in which he reduced these: was aimed at the creation of a person with good character.
Working days
31
He was temporarily exiled to London, and died in relative obscurity.
Karl Marx
32
He was a radical journalist, known for his drinking and dueling.
Karl Marx
33
What was Marx's main theoretical activity?
Scholarly research, explaining beginnings, characteristics, and the end of capitalist society.
34
Hegel had an idea about the meaning of history as the development of this: God comes to self awareness. Once we understand that we can understand why everything makes sense.
Spirit
35
What were Feuerbach's views on God and finding meaning?
We create God in our own image, God did not create us.
36
What was Feuerbach's secret of the study of God?
It is the study of human beings. We alienate our human capacities for knowledge, power, and goodness, then project these ideas onto God.
37
He believed that God was just a figment of our imagination, therefore there was little point to religion.
Feuerbach
38
"Religion is the opium of the people" Who said it?
Karl Marx
39
Marx argued that religion was created in response to these two things: It fulfills a need.
Poverty and suffering
40
Marx argued that religion produces this: a buzz, or good feeling in response to suffering.
Euphoria
41
Marx believed that this could render you incapable of flourishing if used regularly.
Religion
42
The human essence detached from human existence.
Alienation
43
According to Marx, workers' lives are subject to these:
Alien forces
44
By nature, based on Marx's theory of alienation, we are these, and our work is punishing, degrading, and commodified.
Creative producers
45
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this involves what we produce.
The product
46
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, we have no say in what happens to what we produce in a capitalist society; it is mystified and dominated by these.
Market forces
47
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this involves everyone becoming deskilled, with little understanding of their role in the purpose of production.
Productive activity
48
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this in a capitalist society contradicts cooperative labour, producing in common, cooperatively and creatively with others.
Species being
49
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this makes us see ourselves as disconnected from the role others play in cooperation.
Other human beings
50
According to Marx's theory of alienation, we see others as these, our relationships and transactions as instrumental, others are treated as these and the only thing that connects us are cash payments.
Competitors, means
51
Engels identified these as Marx's two major discoveries:
His law of the development of human history, and economic theory of surplus value
52
He was a radical journalist, known for his drinking and dueling.
Karl Marx
53
What was Marx's main theoretical activity?
Scholarly research, explaining beginnings, characteristics, and the end of capitalist society.
54
Hegel had an idea about the meaning of history as the development of this: God comes to self awareness. Once we understand that we can understand why everything makes sense.
Spirit
55
What were Feuerbach's views on God and finding meaning?
We create God in our own image, God did not create us.
56
What was Feuerbach's secret of the study of God?
It is the study of human beings. We alienate our human capacities for knowledge, power, and goodness, then project these ideas onto God.
57
He believed that God was just a figment of our imagination, therefore there was little point to religion.
Feuerbach
58
"Religion is the opium of the people" Who said it?
Karl Marx
59
Marx argued that religion was created in response to these two things: It fulfills a need.
Poverty and suffering
60
Marx argued that religion produces this: a buzz, or good feeling in response to suffering.
Euphoria
61
Marx believed that this could render you incapable of flourishing if used regularly.
Religion
62
The human essence detached from human existence.
Alienation
63
According to Marx, workers' lives are subject to these:
Alien forces
64
By nature, based on Marx's theory of alienation, we are these, and our work is punishing, degrading, and commodified.
Creative producers
65
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this involves what we produce.
The product
66
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, we have no say in what happens to what we produce in a capitalist society; it is mystified and dominated by these.
Market forces
67
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this involves everyone becoming deskilled, with little understanding of their role in the purpose of production.
Productive activity
68
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this in a capitalist society contradicts cooperative labour, producing in common, cooperatively and creatively with others.
Species being
69
Based on Marx's theory of alienation, alienation from this makes us see ourselves as disconnected from the role others play in cooperation.
Other human beings
70
According to Marx's theory of alienation, we see others as these, our relationships and transactions as instrumental, others are treated as these and the only thing that connects us are cash payments.
Competitors, means
71
According to Marx's theory of history, all history up to now is the history of this:
Class struggle
72
According to Marx's theory of history, history is the growth of this:
Human productive power, productive forces that develop technology.
73
According to Marx's theory of history, our productive methods develop within these: and are defined by these types of relationships.
Economic structures, property relationships
74
According to Marx's theory of history, these have characteristic relations of production.
Economic structures
75
According to Marx's theory of history, society is like this type of structure:
A three level building
76
According to Marx's theory of history, these indicate the way we organize the state and the relations/forces of production.
Political and legal superstructures
77
According to Marx's theory of history, this goes up the three levels of the superstructure.
The explanatory arrow
78
According to Marx's theory of history, the level of development of productive forces explains this:
The nature of the economic structure
79
The steam mill gives you a society with this, the hand mill gives you a society with this:
Industrial capitalism, feudalism
80
According to Marx's theory of history, this determines the legal and political superstructure. A society dominated capitalists serves the interests of the ruling class.
Economic superstructure
81
True or false: socialists are against the liberal emphasis on self interest, competition and individual liberty.
True.
82
Who is the agent in socialism?
The individual
83
What did Saint Simon indicate as the two stages of human history?
1. feudalism, replaced by:
| 2. the Enlightenment
84
The quest for freedom and self realization, in which the spirit breaks down the old society and forms/creates a new one.
Operation of dialect
85
Each needs each other, but the relationship is unstable. One wants the other to recognize them as equal/free, one wants the other to respect him. The upper hand is gained when respect is refused, both are stripped of particularity, and they confront each other in universality.
The master-slave dialect
86
What is the socialist concept of freedom?
Freedom to compete without interference from the government, and a free enterprise system.
87
Marx believed the working class suffered from this, and weren't aware of their own interests/possibilities.
False consciousness
88
What are the three historically progressive functions of capitalism?
1. ended feudalism
2. made humans masters over nature
3. created a need for progressive forces
89
Socialists thought capitalism should be replaced for this reason, it constrains the actions of everyone.
Self-subverting
90
What are the stages of revolutionary sequence?
1. economic crisis
2. immersion of the proletariat
3. revolutionary class consciousness
4. seizure of state power
5. dictatorship of the proletariat
6. communism
91
What is exploitation?
The extraction of surplus labour.
92
What is the distinction between labour and labour power?
The capitalist makes a profit by purchasing the labour power of the workers at market value, and gets that worker's labour for a day, which is more than subsistence value.
93
What is the market value of labour?
Whatever it costs to keep the worker alive at the subsistence level.
94
Why is capitalism referred to as dead labour?
It has to keep itself going by getting more living labour supply.
95
How does surplus value work?
It is created by the worker and goes to the capitalist, gained from the unpaid labour taken, nothing is given in return.
96
According to Marx, conflicts of interest are linked to our relation to this:
The means of production
97
According to Marx, the state exists to deal with these, generated by coercive surplus extraction.
Conflicts of interest
98
What are Marx's two accounts of the state? What models were they based on?
1. a committee for managing the common interests of the bourgeoisie, based on 19th century British politics
2. the state as an independent actor, based on French and German politics
99
His strategy to quell revolution was to buy off the working classes and maintain a loyal army. He introduced an early welfare state.
Bismarck
100
It was believed that this could lead to the election of a socialist government.
Universal suffrage
101
These disproved Marx's theory in the Capital that conditions for the proletariat would get worse, and supported Bernstein's criticisms.
Wages rose, unions were created
102
Based on socialist ideas of revolution, it is more likely in states that fail to do this:
Integrate their excluded capitalists
103
A main objection to socialist claims about human nature is that this is important. We can't get beyond what divides us. We are creative producers, which makes us distinctive.
Particularity
104
A main objection to socialist claims about human nature is that this is not our essence. It does not account for religion, language, and anxiety about the future.
Labour
105
We are alienated by capitalist society because it makes it impossible to live according to this and reach our creative capacities.
Species essence
106
He supported Marx financially, and co-authored many works, later becoming the creator of Marxism.
Friedrich Engels
107
"All I know is I'm not a Marxist" Who said it?
Marx
108
He exposed poverty and criticized the subordination of women. For this reason he is also considered a socialist feminist.
Engels
109
In this work, Engels studied the exploitation of the proletariat.
Condition of the Working Class in England
110
While Marx was a materialist, who believed we organize ourselves in ways to produce, Engels was a _________, who believed that everything is matter in motion.
Reductionist
111
He criticized earlier socialists for being utopian moralists.
Engels
112
Engels believed that true socialism sees the proletariat as this type of force. It is historically necessary and inevitable.
Revolutionary
113
What were Engels' three objections to capitalism?
1. the destructive trade cycle - boom and bust wasteful of human potential
2. the large number of unproductive people - in a socialist, planned economy everyone is productive
3. it generates unjust inequalities
114
He questioned the predictions and inevitability of Marxist socialism, and thought that Marx's theory needed to be revised.
Eduard Bernstein
115
Bernstein thought that socialism should be _______, with gradual reform instead of revolutionary violence.
Evolutionary
116
Bernstein critiqued Marx and Engels for their view on this. They thought it to be just a part of the superstructure (served a purpose but had no effect).
Morality
117
Bernstein emphasized this. We are responsible for our actions and have to respect others'.
Rational agency
118
He argued that humans are ends in themselves, and are entitled to respect.
Bernstein
119
Bernstein argued that this was an end in itself.
Democracy
120
These disproved Marx's theory that conditions for the proletariat would get worse, and supported Bernstein's criticisms.
Wages rose, unions were created
121
This type of socialism was named after the tactic of wearing down an enemy in battle until they surrendered.
Fabian socialism
122
They supported long term social reform, and the parliamentary path to socialism.
Fabian socialists
123
They emphasized national efficiency and social justice.
Fabian socialists
124
Fabian socialists wanted to make the state in capitalist societies more committed, and for the state to use its power to improve the lives of this group:
The worst off
125
They argued that you can improve on market outcomes by using the state.
Fabian socialists
126
Brian Barry described socialism as a theory of:
Citizenship
127
According to Barry, citizenship is meaningless without this and political equality.
Democracy
128
An account of collective action to overcome undesirable consequences of individual actions.
Socialism, according to Barry
129
What are Freeden's five core socialist ideas?
1. the group - class as a basic social unit to overcome class alienation and exploitation
2. equality - to remove hierarchy and redistribute based on need
3. labour - productive activity as the main feature of human nature
4. ideal of welfare/flourishing - end poverty, free participation
5. history is going somewhere and we can help it get there
130
According to Engels' science of dialects, these laws are absolute and unchanging.
Nature and human history
131
Bernstein was influenced by these socialists.
Fabian socialists
132
Bernstein argued that we should focus on these types of goals instead of these types, to find practical/non-utopian solutions.
Short term, long term
133
Bernstein thought this could be the worker's ally and guardian instead of suppressing them.
The state
134
Lenin argued that any means justify the end. Revolutionaries must be hardened against this:
Softness/sentimentality
135
"A revolution cannot be made without breaking heads" Who said it?
Lenin
136
This faction of the communist party was the agitator, organizer, and educator to the workers of their true interests (they suffered from false/trade union consciousness)
The Bolsheviks
137
In Soviet Marxism-Leninism, evolutionary class consciousness was to be brought by this: Otherwise the working force becomes reactionary.
Vanguard party
138
This confirmed Lenin's hostility towards revisionists.
Imperialism
139
Lenin replaced war communism with this:
New Economic Policy - government controls on manufacturing, secret police
140
He was responsible for the political purges and show trials of his opposition.
Stalin
141
Stalin used art and literature for propaganda, otherwise known as:
Socialist realism
142
Mao Zedong used this group for his socialist revolution because they were the largest, most oppressed, and had nothing to lose.
Rural proletariat
143
Mao replaced the concept of class with this: Proletarian nationalist forces with international capitalism, a nationalist party with wars of liberation.
Nation
144
He made himself dictator in the name of the proletariat, and like Lenin, thought the communist party to be the vanguard.
Mao Zedong
145
Mao wanted to restore the ideologically pure and correct, so he killed and imprisoned: in what is known as the:
Experts, cultural revolution
146
Based on the lost appeal of communism, it appears Marx overemphasized material and economic factors, and underestimated: to explain social change.
Cultural and ideological factors
147
Non-violent, non revolutionary socialism that incorporates the teachings of Jesus in political practice.
Christian socialism
148
Why are Americans anti-socialist?
1. two party political system, three wouldn't survive
2. working class movement
3. voting according to aspirations
4. tradition
149
Why is communism dying in the USSR?
1. it doesn't speak for the proletariat
| 2. the command economy is inefficient
150
What is the explanation function of socialism?
Economic and class relations, individuals are caught up in societal relations that shape and structure choices available to them.
151
What is the evaluation function of socialism?
Social conditions, class divisions are only just when minimal or non-existent, all members control the major means of production.
152
What is the orientation function of socialism?
Position in the class structure because of class consciousness.
153
What is the program for socialism?
Classless society.
