Conservatism

Question 1

Emphasis on continuity, respect for what is customary, suspicion of change (especially on a large scale), revolutionary change is systematic and violent.

Answer 1

Traditionalism

Question 2

Skepticism about political knowledge. Some individuals can figure out how society and the state works, and use that knowledge to improve things. Wisdom from inherited institutions is better than presupposed knowledge.

Answer 2

Traditionalism

Question 3

Organic conception of society and the state. Societies are living things, formed by social institutions.

Answer 3

Traditionalism

Question 4

Individuals are not independent and autonomous. We can’t resist injustice. We are part of something living, larger, and entitled to respect.

Answer 4

Traditionalism

Question 5

For rational justification of transparency, against superstition and tradition.

Answer 5

Liberals

Question 6

Suspicious of reason, favor sentiment over scrutiny. We are emotional creatures, and we shouldn’t investigate too deeply. Don’t question.

Answer 6

Conservatives

Question 7

Human beings are flawed. Against the idea of perfectibility of man.

Answer 7

Classical conservatives

Question 8

There is a natural hierarchy. Against equality in a social/political sense because the natural hierarchy is justifiable and inevitable.

Answer 8

Classical conservatives

Question 9

For small government, free market capitalism, the need for a strong military, and state imposition.

Answer 9

Contemporary conservatives

Question 10

Unthinking man’s thinking man.

Answer 10

Edmund Burke

Question 11

Was in favour of conciliation with the Americans instead of stubborn resistance, war and separation. Wanted to restores the colonies’ ancient liberties.

Answer 11

Edmund Burke

Question 12

Most famous for his criticism of the French Revolution 1789 as a reckless attempt at radical social transformation.

Answer 12

Edmund Burke

Question 13

He wanted to stop “the rock” from spreading.

Answer 13

Edmund Burke

Question 14

Burke predicted what would happen when the rule of law broke down as a result of the revolution:

Answer 14

The church would be destroyed, the monarch would be executed, the Terror, order would be restored by a dictator, lawlessness and the desire for revenge

Question 15

Burke was against the revolutionaries ideological views of:

Answer 15

Human nature, society, freedom, and government

Question 16

Burke believed the humans are: instead of of rational self interested calculators of happiness.

Answer 16

Creatures of habit, custom, and tradition

Question 17

True or false: Burke believed humans were perfectible but not changeable.

Answer 17

False. He believed we were neither. Social engineering is a liberal, radical, revolutionary project.

Question 18

He referred to perfectibility by changing institutions as the “crooked timber of humanity”.

Answer 18

Kant

Question 19

True or false: Burke emphasized the idea of the atomistic individual.

Answer 19

False. Burke was against this idea, and emphasized the isolation of individuals.

Question 20

According to the conception of society, individuals are not free, independent, and autonomous, rather dependent on a web of relationships or the:

Answer 20

Organic, social fabric

Question 21

He referred to the liberal legalistic business like the social contract as “harmful social fiction”

Answer 21

Burke

Question 22

Society is not created by our: therefore, we should adapt to society, society shouldn’t adapt to us.

Answer 22

Consent

Question 23

A sacred inter-generational covenant, otherwise known as a: can’t be met within a single generation. We owe to those before us, now, and those to come.

Answer 23

Partnership in all virtue

Question 24

True or false: Burke thought that freedom was always good.

Answer 24

False. He argued that it depends on how we use it, based on what people are likely to do with it when they get it.

Question 25

According to Burke, these were a dangerous, intellectual abstractions. Rights are concrete, ancient liberties that come from tradition,

Answer 25

Universal natural rights

Question 26

Ordered liberty should act in accordance with: There are no natural rights anyone can follow without context.

Answer 26

Society's laws and traditions

Question 27

What is Burke's modern definition of revolution?

Answer 27

Ongoing, violent, unpredictable transformation in which the whole society changes

Question 28

Why did classical conservatives think revolution to be mistaken?

Answer 28

It tries to rip up social institutions by the roots and start anew. Any attempt to do so always leads to unforeseen consequences.

Question 29

According to classical conservatives, reform is good if it is:

Answer 29

Careful, gradual, and recognizes the complexity of society

Question 30

According to classical conservatives, political change always has to take place within this: like the American Revolution.

Answer 30

Tradition

Question 31

Burke preferred this to abstract reason:

Answer 31

Prejudice, prejudgment

Question 32

Burke suggested that each individual has a private stock of this: but this is only one small part of society's larger bank and capital of ages.

Answer 32

Reason

Question 33

Burke invented the modern idea of these: a boy of people united on a single view of the public interest, who has a view of the common good.

Answer 33

Political parties

Question 34

According to Burke, government should have reflective, responsible representatives/trustees who prefer this above this. They owe their intelligence and wisdom.

Answer 34

Their own judgment, the people's opinion

Question 35

Burke believed in these: repositories of collective wisdom, secondary associations of the state like family and the church that made ordered liberty possible and helped people learn obedience.

Answer 35

Little platoons

Question 36

Because Burke believed those with property have a stake in society, he naturally believed in the:

Answer 36

Natural aristocracy

Question 37

True or false: Burke believed power should be concentrated in one place, and there is a natural ruling class in all.

Answer 37

False. He did believe there was a natural ruling class, but power should not be concentrated in one place.

Question 38

Reactionaries appeal to the authority of God and the re-institution of:

Answer 38

Absolute monarchical power

Question 39

De Maistre argued that we need to go back and recognize these two institutions:

Answer 39

The throne and the altar

Question 40

According to De Maistre, if we do not recognize these two things necessary for society's survival, we leave people with nothing to hold sacred; a recipe for disaster.

Answer 40

The monarchy and the Catholic church

Question 41

De Maistre argued that people deserved whatever happened to them if they did this:

Answer 41

Questioned authority

Question 42

He believed that authority should be absolute, mysterious, and terrifying.

Answer 42

De Maistre

Question 43

According to De Maistre, authority appeals to: not our reason.

Answer 43

Our will

Question 44

According to De Maistre, humans never respect this: Therefore, he was against Enlightenment rationality, and people taking responsibility for themselves.

Answer 44

What they have made themselves

Question 45

"In the works of man everything is as wretched as their author" Who said it?

Answer 45

De Maistre

Question 46

De Maistre proposed that there was no such thing as this:

Answer 46

Man

Question 47

De Maistre praised this: to follow what is customary and put there by law.

Answer 47

Instinct

Question 48

This image, according to De Maistre, was the ultimate guarantee of civil obedience. It instills fear and respect.

Answer 48

The executioner

Question 49

What are Hirschman's 3 types of objections to revolutionary change?

Answer 49

1. perversity - the proposed action will produce contrary of the objective, any attempt at large scale change will fail 2. futility - any attempt to change is useless, what you are trying to introduce won't change anything 3. jeopardy - new reform endangers older, higher moral value, this is an unacceptable cost

Question 50

The classical conservative view that humans put their own desires and self interests above others, otherwise known as:

Answer 50

The original sin

Question 51

Classical conservatives are for this type of government and economic system:

Answer 51

A strong government, laissez faire capitalism

Question 52

They thought the government to be a necessary evil.

Answer 52

Classical conservatives

Question 53

Why were classical conservatives against democracy?

Answer 53

Voting is for the short term, not long term interests, thus it would be irresponsible to broaden the franchise.

Question 54

This opened politics in society to a wider range of views.

Answer 54

The conservative reaction

Question 55

In Pope Pius' Syllabus of Errors, he argued that human reason requires this to help discover truth and promote human welfare.

Answer 55

God's help

Question 56

This document argued that the Catholic religion is the only true religion of the state.

Answer 56

The Syllabus of Errors

Question 57

He denied church-state separation and the liberal idea of toleration. The Pope didn't need to come to terms with liberal ideas.

Answer 57

Pope Pius IX

Question 58

In Pope Pius' Syllabus of Errors, he rejected central liberal claims such as:

Answer 58

Progress, applying reason to social problems, and civil law

Question 59

The main figures of this type of conservatism were literary poets like Wordsworth and Coleridge.

Answer 59

Cultural conservatism

Question 60

Cultural conservatives rejected this change in the 1st half of the 19th century. People were initially happy to see changes but had become disillusioned.

Answer 60

The Industrial Revolution

Question 61

Cultural conservatives emphasized this over this. They believed there was a misplaced confidence in rational capacities.

Answer 61

Emotion over reason

Question 62

These conservatives wanted to go back to the "golden age" of simple, rural, communal life, and the natural hierarchy; a romanticized, idealized past.

Answer 62

Cultural conservatives

Question 63

Cultural conservatives though this to be dehumanizing and alienating. The world was changing fast but for the worst. They were critical of this type of culture.

Answer 63

Industry, mechanistic

Question 64

Cultural conservatives reject this, as it destroys culture and spirituality. We are not market actors.

Answer 64

Industrial capitalism

Question 65

Cultural conservatives worried about this: They rejected the pursuit of profit and material wealth.

Answer 65

Commercial activity

Question 66

"Little we see in nature that is ours" Who said it?

Answer 66

John Stuart Mill

Question 67

Coolridge was against the rise of cities, and these because they pointed to the world we have lost.

Answer 67

Clocks

Question 68

In the 19th century, the liberals/bourgeoisie were referred to as these: and the land owning aristocracy referred to as these:

Answer 68

Whigs, Tories

Question 69

The electoral strategy Ben Disraeli used to attract support from the working class by addressing working class needs like legislation to improve working conditions.

Answer 69

Tory democracy

Question 70

He encouraged the working class to support and respect the monarchy and church to quell a socialist revolution/working class revolt.

Answer 70

Ben Disraeli

Question 71

In the US, this strand of conservatism rejects the Enlightenment emphasis on the perfectibility of human beings and the harmful effects of capitalism.

Answer 71

Cultural conservatives

Question 72

In the US, this strand of conservatives defend liberal social and laissez faire capitalism

Answer 72

Economic conservatives

Question 73

Economic conservatives started to refer to these as free market conservatives.

Answer 73

Industrialists

Question 74

They rejected the push towards a liberal democratic welfare state.

Answer 74

Economic conservatives

Question 75

In the 20th century, conservatives began to distrust this because it leads to chaos and dictatorship instead of ordered hierarchy.

Answer 75

Democracy

Question 76

In the 20th century, conservatives thought these to be ignorant and unrestrained. They have short term appetite satisfaction.

Answer 76

The masses

Question 77

In the 20th century, conservatives thought government should be trusted to these people. We need experienced, capable rulers like Plato suggested.

Answer 77

The elite

Question 78

Conservatives and communists disagree about this. Conservatives point out how humans are selfish, short sighted, etc. while communists believe social problems arise from changeable institutions, and are too optimistic about changing them.

Answer 78

Progress

Question 79

Conservatives and communists disagree about this. Conservatives think people are sinners, improvable only by cautious change. Communists think this is a false view.

Answer 79

Perfectibility

Question 80

Conservatives and communists disagree about this. Conservatives are suspicious of plans to improve/reform society, because it requires the concentration of power and leads to this, like the communist Soviet Union.

Answer 80

Planning, despotism

Question 81

Michael Oakeshott argued that we don't fit into things as individuals with rights, rather we are interconnected and dependent. Politics is attending to these:

Answer 81

Social arrangements

Question 82

According to Oakeshott this is destructive, we aren't to rip out the plant by the roots, we have to tend to it still.

Answer 82

Radical action

Question 83

Richard Posner's economic conservatives were for this type of government and economic system. They supported rugged individualism.

Answer 83

Small government, free market with low taxes

Question 84

True or false: economic conservatives believed people should defend on the state from support.

Answer 84

False. They believed people should be independent, and we should let the market chips fall where they may.

Question 85

How were economic conservatives considered liberal as well?

Answer 85

They defended freedom to compete without government interference.

Question 86

Following Posner's model, these conservatives were for a foreign policy dominated by a power military, rejected liberal internationalism, and though the attempt to dominate justified spending.

Answer 86

Security conservatives

Question 87

Security conservatives thought this type of war was needed, along with regime change, and the fight against terrorism.

Answer 87

Preemptive war

Question 88

These conservatives aimed to model the world after US free market capitalism by "taking the battle to the enemy"

Answer 88

Security conservatives

Question 89

These conservatives were for bringing Christian morality back into politics, and rejected the separation of church and state.

Answer 89

Social/religious

Question 90

Why were social/religious conservatives called economic liberals and cultural interventionists?

Answer 90

They wanted to take the state out of the economy but were involved in culture. They promoted the rights of gun owners but were anti abortionists.

Question 91

"I'm from the government and I'm here to help" Who said it?

Answer 91

Ronald Reagan

Question 92

"Government is not the solution, it is the problem" Who said it?

Answer 92

Ronald Reagan

Question 93

This conservative in power thought we should deregulate, privatize, and let market decide.

Answer 93

Reagan

Question 94

"There is no such thing as society" Who said it?

Answer 94

Margaret Thatcher

Question 95

This conservative in power thought that it wasn't the state's job to give handouts.

Answer 95

Thatcher

Question 96

Thatcher thought spending for this should be cut, but spending on this should be increased.

Answer 96

Health/welfare, military

Question 97

Reagan and Thatcher could also be considered this type of conservative:

Answer 97

Security

Question 98

According to Freeden, all conservatives are anxious about change, and promote this instead:

Answer 98

Safe change

Question 99

According to Freeden, the social order is insulated from this: There is not much we as human agents can do to change social order because God, nature, history and tradition stand in the way.

Answer 99

Human control

Question 100

De Maistre thought these were dangerous because they expressed government weakness.

Answer 100

Written constitutions

Question 101

20th century conservatives were against this, and argued that it does not free people from oppressive social conditions.

Answer 101

Leveling

Question 102

What is the explanation function of conservatism?

Answer 102

Human imperfection. Things go wrong when people overestimate their capabilities.

Question 103

What is the evaluation function of conservatism?

Answer 103

Social peace and stability of the social fabric. If it is torn it needs to be repaired.

Question 104

What is the orientation function of conservatism?

Answer 104

Everyone acts with the good of the whole society in mind.

Question 105

What is the program function of conservatism?

Answer 105

Take things slow, proceed carefully, and conserve what we have.

Question 106

Who is the agent for conservatism?

Answer 106

The individual

Question 107

What are the obstacles for conservatism?

Answer 107

Laws, customs, conditions that block individual choice

Question 108

What is the goal for conservatism?

Answer 108

To live as one chooses