Sodium and Potassium

Question 1

Has a concentration 20x greater inside the cells than outside

Answer 1

Potassium

Question 2

the most abundant cation in the ECF

Answer 2

Sodium

Question 3

Functions of Potassium

Answer 3

• regulation of neuromuscular excitability
• regulation of contraction of the heart
• regulation of ICF volume and H+ conc

Question 4

represent of 90% of all extracellular cations

Answer 4

Sodium

Question 5

Organ that is important in the regulation of K+ balance

Answer 5

Kidney

Question 6

Three processes in the regulation of Sodium

Answer 6

• intake of water
• excretion of water, as affected by ADH
• blood volume status

Question 7

True or false. Sodium concentration in the ECF is much smaller than inside the cells

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Decreased serum Na+ concentration (less than 135mmol/L)

Answer 8

Hyponatremia

Question 9

One of the most common electrolyte disorders

Answer 9

Hyponatremia

Question 10

causes of hyponatremia

Answer 10

• increased sodium loss
• increased water retention
• water imbalance

Question 11

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

Answer 11

• gastroinestinal
• neuropsyhchiatric
• dba sbi niya nde na itatanong mga symptoms?

Question 12

TReatment of hyponatremia

Answer 12

• fluid restriction
• administration of hypertonic saline
• AVPR antagonist Conivaptan

Question 13

method of choice for sodium determination

Answer 13

ion slective electrode (ISE)

Question 14

Increase in water retention associated with pulmonary disease, malignancies, CNS disorders, infections or trauma

Answer 14

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Question 15

occur when Na is measured using indirect ISE

Answer 15

pseudohyponatremia

Question 16

hyponatrmia with low osmolality

Answer 16

• increased sodium loss

- increased water retention

Question 17

hyponatrmia with normal osmolality

Answer 17

• increased in non sodium cations
• pseudohyponatremia
• pseudohyperkalemia

Question 18

non sodium cations

Answer 18

Li, K, Mg, Ca, gamma globulins

Question 19

hyponatremia with high osmolality

Answer 19

• hyperglycemia

- mannitol infusion

Question 20

excess loss of water relative to sodium loss; decreased water intake; increased sodium intake or retention

Answer 20

hypernatremia

Question 21

causes of hypernatremia

Answer 21

• diabetes insipidus
  -renal tubular disorders
  -prolonged diarrhea
  -profuse sweating
  -severe burns
  -

Question 22

correlation with sodium osmolality (<300 mOsm/kg)

Answer 22

diabetes insipidus

Question 23

correlation with osmollality (300-700 mOsm/kg

Answer 23

partial defect in ADH release

Question 24

correlation with osmolality (>700 mOsm/kg)

Answer 24

loss of thirst, insensible loss of water, GI loss of hypotonic fluid, excess sodium intake

Question 25

People with decreased water intake

Answer 25

- older persons - infants - mentally impaired

Question 26

increased sodium intake or retention

Answer 26

- hyperaldosteronism - sodium bicarbonate excess - dialysis fluid excess

Question 27

Marked hemolysis in sodium determination is caused by

Answer 27

dilution

Question 28

marked hemolysis in sodium determination means

Answer 28

falsely decreased; decreased level of sodium

Question 29

Reference method for sodium determination

Answer 29

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer

Question 30

color of sodium in flame emission spectrophotometer

Answer 30

intense yellow

Question 31

Two electrodes used in ion selective electrode

Answer 31

- reference electrode | - measuring electrode

Question 32

only 2% in plasma

Answer 32

potassium

Question 33

Causes of hypokalemia

Answer 33

- GI loss - renal loss - cellular shift - decreased intake

Question 34

<3.4 mmol/L of potassium

Answer 34

hypokalemia

Question 35

regulation of potassium

Answer 35

- hypoxia, hypomagnesia, digoxin - insulin - catecholamine

Question 36

Diuretic used in renal loss

Answer 36

Thiazides

Question 37

Treatment of hypokalemia

Answer 37

- oral KCl - IV replacement - diet with high K - banana

Question 38

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 38

- decreased renal excretion - cellular shift - increased intake - artifactual

Question 39

Artifactual causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 39

- sample hemolysis - thrombocytosis - prolonged tourniquet use - excessive fist clenching

Question 40

increases the cellular uptake of K+

Answer 40

cellular shift

Question 41

promotes the entry of K+ into skeletal muscle and liver cell

Answer 41

insulin overdose

Question 42

diseases in decreased renal excretion

Answer 42

- acute or chronic renal failure - hypoaldosteronism - Addison's disease

Question 43

Produces a hyperosmolar plasma that pulls water and potassium from cells

Answer 43

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 44

Drugs for hyperkalemia

Answer 44

- captopril - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory - spironolactone - digoxin - cyclosporine - heparin theraphy

Question 45

inhibits renal response to aldosterone

Answer 45

cyclosporine

Question 46

inhibits aldosterone secretion

Answer 46

heparin theraphy

Question 47

treatment of hyperkalemia

Answer 47

administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose or insulin

Question 48

sources of error in potassium determination

Answer 48

- excessive fist clenching - exercising the arms prior to venipuncture - storage on ice promotes release of potassium from cells

Question 49

most common cause of artifactual hyperkalemia

Answer 49

hemolysis

Question 50

spx of choice preferred in cases of thrombocytosis in potassium determination

Answer 50

plasma

Question 51

reference method of potassium determination

Answer 51

AAS

Question 52

colorimetric method of potassium detrermination

Answer 52

Hoffman method (sodium tetraphenylboron or sodium cobaltinitrite) boron ba yun???