SP25 PSYC 3350 Final Review Flashcards
(58 cards)
What is cognition?
Mental action or process of acquiring information and knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses
Derived from the term ‘cogni’, meaning to know things.
What does behaviorism study?
Observable human behavior through stimulus-response actions
Example: Response of walking to pizza when presented with a pizza slice.
Define classical conditioning.
A learning process in which an association is formed between two stimuli
Notable figure: Pavlov (1856-1936).
What is sensation?
Detecting and sensing raw stimuli through sense organs
Involves physiological processes.
What is perception?
How the brain gives meaning to sensory information
Involves psychological processes and starts in the primary visual cortex.
What are the two streams of perception according to the Two Stream Hypothesis?
- Dorsal Stream: Spatial awareness; motor actions
- Ventral Stream: Object identification; memory
What are the stages of Marr’s Levels of Processing?
- Stage 1: Raw Primal Sketch
- Stage 2: Complete Primal Sketch
- Stage 3: 2.5D Sketch
- Stage 4: Full 3D representation
What does Biederman’s Recognition-by-components (RBC) theory state?
The geons and their spatial organization determine an object
Represents a constructivist approach to perception.
What is the Own Name Effect?
Ability to attend to hearing your own name in an unattended auditory stream
Related to Broadbent’s theory from 1954.
What is the Cocktail Party Effect?
Ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment while filtering out background noise
Related to Deutsch and Deutsch’s theory from 1963.
What is the role of the attentuator in Treisman’s Early Attenuation model?
Downregulates unimportant information
Dynamic process that occurs during attention.
What is the Pop-out Effect in visual search?
Targets that are distinct from distractors on a feature dimension capture attention automatically and without much effort
Single features are processed in parallel.
What is a conjunction visual search?
Requires combining multiple features to discriminate targets among distractors
Processed serially because features must be bound together.
Define agnosia.
Non-knowledge; to not know
Specifically refers to difficulties in recognition.
What is visual agnosia?
Difficulty recognizing objects that are seen
Includes form and integrative agnosia.
What is the Dual-store theory of memory?
Theory proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin in 1968
Describes how information is stored in different memory stores.
What are the components of the Working Memory model?
- Phonological Loop
- Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Central Executive
- Episodic Buffer
What does the phonological loop do?
Stores auditory and verbal information
Consists of the phonological store and articulatory control mechanism.
What is the function of the central executive in working memory?
Controls attention and allocates resources to different tasks
Does not store information but directs processing.
What is the role of the episodic buffer?
Integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory
Helps create coherent episodes in time prior to entering long-term memory.
What is long-term memory?
Memory in storage ready for retrieval
Define episodic memory
Personal experiences, e.g., remembering your last birthday party
What is semantic memory?
Facts and knowledge, e.g., knowing that the capital of France is Paris
Define procedural memory
Skills and habits, e.g., riding a bike or typing on a keyboard without thinking about it
