Specialized Connective Tissue Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
It includes a number of different tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substance.
A
Specialized Connective Tissue
2
Q
What are the different Specialized Connective Tissues?
A
- Adipose Tissue
- Bones
- Blood
- Cartilage
3
Q
A connective tissue in which fat-storing cells predominate.
A
Adipose Tissue
4
Q
The fat-storing cells are called _________.
A
Adipocytes
5
Q
Adipose tissue normally represents _______ of the body weight in men.
A
15-20%
6
Q
Adipose tissue normally represents _______ of the body weight in women.
A
> 20%
7
Q
Two Types of Adipose Tissue
A
- White Adipose Tissue
- Brown Adipose Tissue
8
Q
These are very large cells derived from mesenchyme, and is specialized for energy storage.
A
Adipocytes
9
Q
White adipocytes have a diameter of ________.
A
50-150 um
10
Q
Adipocytes are _______, meaning they contain 1 large lipid droplet.
A
Unilocular
11
Q
Because adipocytes are unilocular, what happens to its nucleus and cytoplasm?
A
They are pushed against the plasma lemma.
12
Q
White adipose tissue comprises _______ of total body weight in normal male adults.
A
20%
13
Q
White adipose tissue comprises _______ of total body weight in normal female adults.
A
25%
14
Q
White adipose tissue is distributed throughout the body, particularly in the __________.
A
Deep layers of the skin
15
Q
White adipose tissue are specialized for ___________.
A
Long-term energy storage
16
Q
White adipocytes can store triglycerides derived from three sources ____________.
A
- Dietary fats as Chylomicrons
- Lipids synthesized in the liver
- Free FAs and glycerol
17
Q
Brown adipose tissue comprises _______ of a newborn’s body weight.
A
5%
18
Q
It contains many small lipid droplets containing many mitochondria and a central nucleus.
A
Brown Adipose Tissue
19
Q
Describe the lipid droplets of white adipose tissue?
A
Unilocular, large
20
Q
Describe the lipid droplets of brown adipose tissue?
A
Multilocular, small, has many mitochondria and a central nucleus
21
Q
Brown adipose tissue is specialized for _________.
A
Generation of heat or body temperature regulation
22
Q
This protein serves to uncouple mitochondrial metabolism from production of ATP to produce heat.
A
Uncoupling Protein (UCP1)
23
Q
UCP1 is also known as _______.
A
Thermogenin
24
Q
Where is UCP1 utilized?
A
Brown Adipose Tissue
25
A tough and resilient type of connective tissue that structurally supports softer tissues.
Cartilage
26
It provides cushion and low-friction surfaces in the joints.
Cartilage
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Cartilage is ________.
Avascular
28
How do chondrocytes get nutrients?
By diffusion from the capillaries of the perichondrium
29
Cartilage ECM contains _____________.
Collagen, abundant amount of proteoglycans (aggrecan)
30
__________ bind to a large amount of water.
Proteoglycans (aggrecan)
31
3 Major Forms of Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
32
These are the cells of the cartilage which synthesizes and maintains all ECM components.
Chondrocytes
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Where are chondrocytes located?
Lacunae
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A sheath of dense connective tissue which surrounds cartilage in most places.
Perichondrium
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It harbors the blood supply serving the cartilage and a small neural component.
Perichondrium
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What kind of tissue does a perichondrium have?
Dense Connective Tissue
37
It is the most common cartilage, which consists type II collagen and aggrecan complexes with bound water.
Hyaline Cartilage
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How would you describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage?
Semitransparent, and homogenous
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Hyaline cartilage is rich in what?
Type II collagen and aggrecan complexes
40
Describe the ECM of hyaline cartilage
- Homogenous
- Glassy
- Less collagen
- More proteoglycans
41
It provides flexible support for the external ear as well as the walls of the external auditory canal, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis, and larynx.
Elastic Cartilage
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It provides very tough, and strong support at tendon insertions, pubic symphyses, intervertebral discs, and certain joints.
Fibrocartilage
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Fibrocartilage contains varying combinations of ____________.
Hyaline Cartilage and Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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TRUE OR FALSE.
Perichondrium is present in fibrocartilage.
False
45
Cartilage form from embryonic mesenchyme through the process called __________.
Chondrogenesis
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Cartilaginous structures grow by mitosis of existing chondroblasts in lacunae through the process of ___________.
Interstitial Growth
47
The formation of new chondroblasts peripherally from progenitor cells in the perichondrium is called ___________.
Appositional Growth
48
Why is the repair or replacement of injured cartilage slow or ineffective?
Because it is avascular and it has a low metabolic rate
49
Functions of Bones
- Solid Support
- Protection
- Site for Hematopoiesis
- Repository for Ions
- Locomotion
50
They synthesize osteoid and mediate its mineralization.
Osteoblasts
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The inactive form of osteoblasts which assists in nutrition of the bone.
Osteocytes
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These are phagocytic cells which are capable of eroding bone. They are important in the constant turnover and refashioning of bone.
Osteoclasts
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It is the intracellular substance of the bone that makes up most of the bone mass.
Bone Matrix
54
Two Types of Material in the Bone Matrix
Inorganic and Organic
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_____ of the dry weight of bone matrix came from inorganic materials.
50%
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It makes up 90% of the organic material in the bone matrix.
Type I Collagen
57
Calcium hydroxyapatite, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and calcium phosphate are examples of ___________.
Inorganic Materials
58
Proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins, osteonectin, and osteocalcin are examples of ________.
Organic Materials
59
A layer of dense connective tissue on the external surface of the bone, bound to the bone matrix by bundles of type I collagen.
Periosteum
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The bundles of type I collagen fibers that binds periosteum to the bone matrix is called __________.
Perforating or Sharpey Fibers
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It is a thin layer of active and inactive osteoblasts, which lines all the internal surfaces within the bone.
Endosteum
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It is a dense bone beneath the periosteum.
Compact or Cortical Bone
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Compact bone makes up _________ of the total bone mass.
80%
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It makes up the remaining 20% of the total bone mass.
Cancellous or Spongy Bone
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Organization of Bone
- Woven Bone (Immature)
- Lamellar Bone (Mature)
66
Types of Bone
Compact and Cancellous Bone
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It is non-lamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone to appear in embryonic development.
Woven Bone
68
Woven bone are temporary and replaced in adults by lamellar bone, except in a few places like _________.
- Sutures of Calvaria
- Tendon Insesrtions
69
Most bone in adults, is organized as __________,
Lamellar Bone
70
What do you call the layers in an osteon?
Lamellae
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Lamellae is organized concentrically around small central canals containing blood vessels ,etc., and is also called as ___________
Haversian System or Osteons
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The process of bone development or formation.
Osteogenesis
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It occurs within ‘membranes’ of condensed primitive mesenchymal tissue. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which begin synthesis and secretion of osteoid at multiple centres ofossification.
Intramembranous Ossification
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Bones of the skull, jaw, scapula, and clavicle are formed via _________.
Intramembranous Ossification
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The ossification takes place within hyaline cartilage, shaped as a small version, or model, of the bone to be formed.
Endochondral Ossification
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It is a method of bone formation that permits functional stresses to be sustained during skeletal growth.
Endochondral Ossification
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It forms most bones of the body and is especially well studied in developing long bones.
Endochondral Ossification
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The shaft of the bone is called _______.
Diaphysis
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Diaphysis is made up of __________.
Compact Bone
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Diaphysis is filled with ________.
Yellow Marrow
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The ends of the bone is called ________.
Epiphysis
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Epiphysis is made up of _________.
Spongy Bone
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The growing part of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis is called _________.
Metaphysis
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The hyaline cartilage found on the ends of a long bone is called ________.
Articular Cartilage
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It involves both the continuous resorption of bone tissue formed earlier and the simultaneous laying down of new bone at a rate exceeding that of bone removal.
Bone Growth
86
The rate of bone formation by osteoblasts _______ the rate of bone resorption by osteoclasts.
Exceeds
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The process when bones change size and shape according to changes in mechanical stress.
Bone Remodeling
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It involves the activation of periosteal fibroblasts to produce an initial soft callus of fibrocartilage-like tissue.
Bone Repair
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Blood vessels torn within the fracture release blood that clots to produce a large fracture __________.
hematoma
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Hematoma is gradually removed by macrophages and replaced by a soft fibrocartilage-like mass called _______ tissue. If torn by the break the periosteum reestablishes its continuity over this tissue.
procallus
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The procallus is invaded by regenerating blood vessels and proliferating osteoblasts. In the next few weeks the fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by _______ that forms a hard callus throughout the original area of fracture.
woven bone
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The woven bone is then remodeled as __________ in continuity with the adjacent uninjured areas and fully functional vasculature is reestablished.
compact and cancellous
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These are places where bones meet, or articulate to allow the potential of bending or movement.
Joints
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Joints with very limited or no movement are called __________.
Synarthroses
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Joints that are freely mobile are called _________.
Diarthroses
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Major Subtypes of Synarthroses
- Synostoses
- Syndesmoses
- Symphyses
97
It involves bones linked to other bones and allow essentially no movement.
Synostoses
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These are joint bones by dense connective tissue only.
Syndesmoses
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It has a thick pad of fibrocartilage between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones.
Symphyses
100
Skull bones are example of _________.
Synostoses
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Tibiofibular joint and sacroiliac joints are examples of ________.
Syndesmoses
102
Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are examples of _________.
Symphyses
103
These are synarthroses in the vertebral column which cushion adjacent vertebrae.
Intervertebral Discs
104
The outer layer of the intervertebral discs is called ________.
Annulus Fibrosus
105
The inner core of the intervertebral discs is called ________.
Nucleus Pulposus
106
A joint cavity filled with lubricant synovial fluid, enclosed within a tough, fibrous articular capsule.
Diarthroses
107
The ends of the bones involved in diarthroses joint are covered with __________.
Hyaline Articular Cartilage
108
The hyaline articular cartilage that covers the joint allow __________.
Free movement
109
Two Specialized Cells of Synovial Membrane
- Macrophage-like Synovial Cell
- Fibroblast-like Synovial Cell
110
It removes wear and tear debris from synovial fluid.
Macrophage-like Synovial Cell
111
It synthesizes hyaluronan which moves into the synovial fluid with water from local capillaries to lubricate and nourish the articular cartilage.
Fibroblast-like Synovial Cell
