Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the Urinary System
A
1. Eliminate waste products
* Nitrogenous wastes
* Toxins
* Drugs
2. Regulate homeostasis
* Water balance
* Electrolyte
* Acid-Base
* BP
* RBC Production
* Activation of Vitamin D
2
Q
Organs of the Urinary System
A
- Kidneys
- Urethers
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
3
Q
Regions of the Kidney
A
- Renal Cortex
- Renal Medulla
- Renal Pelvis
4
Q
____ is the outer region of the kidney.
A
Renal Cortex
5
Q
____ is a region of the kidney that stains dark.
A
Renal cortex
6
Q
____ is the inner region of the kidney.
A
Renal Medulla
7
Q
The ____ contains 8-12 renal pyraminds containing a renal lobe.
A
Renal medulla
8
Q
The renal medulla contains how many renal pyramids?
A
8-12
9
Q
The renal pyramids of the medulla contain a ____.
A
Renal lobe
10
Q
The apical end of renal pyramids contain ____ and ____ that eventually become one of the three calyces.
A
renal papilla, minor calyx
11
Q
The renal papilla and minor calyx is found at the ____ of the renal pyramid.
A
apical end
12
Q
The renal pyramid is separated by structures called ____.
A
Renal column
13
Q
The renal column separates the ____.
A
Renal pyramids
14
Q
____ is where the renal artery and vein are located.
A
Renal hilum
15
Q
____ is where the ureter exits the kidney.
A
Renal hilum
16
Q
____ is the inner collecting tube.
A
Renal pelvis
17
Q
____ is the largest vasculature in the kidneys.
A
Renal artery
18
Q
The renal artery divides into ____ at the hilum.
A
2 segmental arteries
19
Q
The ____ divides into 2 segmental arteries at the hilum.
A
Renal artery
20
Q
The renal artery divides into 2 segmental arteries at the ____.
A
hilum
21
Q
____ supplies oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys.
A
Renal artery
22
Q
____ branch from segmental arteries.
A
Interlobar arteries
23
Q
Interlobar arteries branch from ____.
A
Segmental arteries
24
Q
____ extend between renal pyramids towards corticomedullary junction.
A
Interlobar arteries
25
____ branch from interlobar arteries.
Arcuate arteries
26
Arcuate arteries branch from ____.
Interlobar arteries
27
____ branch from arcuate arteries.
Interlobular arteries
28
Interlobular arteries branch from ____.
Arcuate arteries
29
____ extend all the way to the renal cortex.
Interlobular arteries
30
____ branch from interlobular arteries.
Afferent arterioles
31
Afferent arterioles branch from ____.
Interlobular arteries
32
____ is a branch that enters the capillary clusters called Glomerulus.
Afferent arterioles
33
The ____ are capillary clusters where blood is filtered to form the initial filtrate.
Glomeruli (lus)
34
The glomerulus is drained by ____.
Efferent arterioles
35
The ____ is drained by efferent arterioles.
Glomerulus
36
____ branch into peritubular arteries and vasa recta.
Efferent arterioles
37
Efferent arterioles branch into ____.
Peritubular arteries and Vasa recta
38
____ carries deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the heart.
Renal vein
39
Blood Flow in the Kidney
1. Renal Artery
2. Interlobar Artery
3. Arcuate Artery
4. Interlobular Artery
5. Afferent Arteriole
6. Nephron (Glomerulus)
7. Efferent Arteriole
8. Peritubular Capillaries
9. Vasa Recta
10. Interlobular Vein
11. Arcuate Vein
12. Interlobar Vein
13. Renal Vein
40
____ emerges from the Efferent arteriole.
Peritubular capillaries and Vasa recta
41
____ are tiny blood vessels in the cortical region of the kidney.
Peritubular Capillaries
42
____ provides oxygen and nutrients in the renal cortex.
Peritubular Capillaries
43
____ lie close to the distal and proximal convoluted tubules.
Peritubular Capillaries
44
____ reabsorb important substances back into the bloodstream.
Peritubular Capillaries
45
____ are straight venules and arterioles in the medullary region.
Vasa Recta
46
____ provides oxygen and nutrients in the renal medulla.
Vasa Recta
47
____ surround Loop of Henle.
Vasa Recta
48
____ help to maintain concentration gradient in the medulla for water reabsorption and urine concentration.
Vasa Recta
49
____ is the functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron
50
Three Process Involved in Urine Formation
* Filtration
* Secretion
* Reabsorption
51
____ is the process by which water and solutes in the blood leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron.
Filtration
52
____ is the process by which substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries.
Reabsorption
53
____ is the process by which substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries.
Secretion
54
Urine Formation Steps (summary)
**1.** **Glomerulus** - filtration
**2.** **Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane** - blocks blood cells and large proteins
**3.** **Nephron Tubule** - reabsorption of nutrients and water
**4.** **Nephron Tube** - secreted ions + filtrate makes up urine
**5.** **Collecting Ducts** - where urine exits nephron tube
55
The ____ filters water and other substances from the bloodstream.
Glomerulus
56
As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells called the ____.
Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane
57
The ____ allows water and small solutes enter, but blocks blood cells and large proteins.
Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane
58
The fluid that has passed through the glomerular basement membrane is now called as ____.
filtrate
59
The filtrate will further flow into the ____ where reabsorption of vital nutrients and water back into the bloodstream occurs.
Renal tubule or Nephron tubule
60
The remaining filtrate will continue to pass through the ____.
Nephron tube
61
The secreted ions and remaining filtrate forms the ____.
Urine
62
The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a ____.
Collecting duct
63
Each kidney contains ____ nephrons.
1-4 million
64
Major Divisions of the Nephron
**1. Renal Corpuscle**
* Glomerulus
* Glomerular Capsule
* Podocytes
**2. Nephron/Renal Tubule**
* Proximal Convoluted Tubule
* Loop of Henle
* Distal Convoluted Tubule
**3. Connecting Tubule and Collecting System**
65
____ is the dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops.
Renal corpuscle
66
____ is the site of blood filtration.
Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus)
67
Three Parts of the Glomerulus
* Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium
* Glomerular Basement Membrane
* Slit Pores/FIltration Slits
68
The ____ is responsible for regulating high flux filtration of fluid and small solutes.
Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium
69
____ contains Type IV Collagen.
Glomerular Basement Membrane
70
The glomerular basement membrane contains ____.
Type IV Collagen
71
The glomerular basement membrane is produced by ____.
Podocytes
72
Podocytes produce ____.
Glomerular Basement Membrane
73
The ____ regulates the passage of many small proteins and water.
Slit Pores or Filtration Slits
74
The glomerular capsule is composed of ____.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
75
The glomerular capsule is also known as the ____.
Bowman's Capsule
76
The ____ is a visceral layer of renal corpuscle.
Podocytes
77
Podocytes consists of unusual ____ cells.
Stellate Epithelial Cells
78
____ compose the apparatus for renal filtration.
Podocytes
79
____ is located at the renal cortex.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
80
PCT is located at the ____.
renal cortex
81
Tissue Composition of Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
82
The cell apex of ____ contains microvilli.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
83
The ____ of PCT contains microvilli.
cell apex
84
____ increases the surface are for reabsorption.
Microvilli
85
The cells of ____ have central nuclei and are very acidophilic.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
86
Why are the cells of PCT very acidophilic?
Because it has abundant mitochondria
87
____ has abundant mitochondria.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
88
____ has basolateral folds.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
89
Molecules reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Glucose, Amino Acids, Electrolytes, Water
90
Regions of Loop of Henle
* Thin ascending and descending limb
* Thick ascending limb
* Macula densa
91
Tissue Composition of Thin Ascending and Thin Descending Limb
Simple Squamous Epithelium
92
The ____ further thickens to macula densa.
Thick Ascending Limb
93
Tissue Composition of Thick Ascending Limb
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
94
Tissue Composition of Macula Densa
Specialized Smooth Muscle Cells
95
____ have juxtaglomerular cells.
Macula Densa
96
Macula densa contains ____ cells.
juxtaglomerular
97
____ secretes renin.
Macula Densa
98
Macula densa secretes ____.
renin
99
____ is where electrolyte levels are adjusted further.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
100
Tissue Composition of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
101
____ is smaller and have no brush border and more empty lumens.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
102
____ are flatter, and more nuclei are typically seen.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
103
The cells of ____ have fewer mitochondria, making them less acidophilic.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
104
The ____ join to form the cortical collecting ducts.
Connecting tubules
105
The ____ is the last part of each nephron.
Connecting tubule
106
____ carries the filtrate into a collecting system.
Connecting tubule
107
The ____ delivers filtrate of plasma into minor calyces.
Collecting system (collecting tubules and ducts)
108
The filtrate in the collecting system is called as ____.
Urine
109
Tissue Composition of Collecting System
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
110
Two Cells Present in the Collecting System
* Principal Cell
* Intercalated Cell
111
The ____ is pale staining and contains few mitochondria.
Principal cell
112
The ____ contains cell membranes rich in aquaporins.
Principal cell
113
The principal cell contains cell membranes rich in ____.
aquaporins
114
____ functions in passive water reabsorption.
Aquaporins
115
____ contains more abundant mitochondria and projecting apical folds.
Intercalated cell
116
Some of ____ also occurs in the DCTs.
Intercalated cell
117
What is the function of Intercalated Cell in DCTs?
It helps in maintaining acid-base balance by secreting hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
118
____ helps in maintaining acid-base balance.
Intercalated cell
119
Intercalated cell secretes hydrogen ions from ____.
Type A or α-intercalated cells
120
Intercalated cell secretes bicarbonate from ____.
Type B or β-intercalated cells
121
____ are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Ureter
122
Tissue Composition of Ureter
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
123
Tissue Composition of Renal Calyces
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
124
Tissue Composition of Renal Pelvis
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
126
Tissue Composition of Urinary Bladder
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
127
The ____ is where urine is temporarily stored.
Urinary Bladder
128
The ____ contains folded mucosa which unfold as it fills.
Urinary bladder
129
The urinary bladder contains ____ which unfold as the bladder fills.
folded mucosa
130
The urothelium of urinary bladder gets ____ as it fills.
thinner
131
The ____ drains the bladder in both genders.
Urethra
132
Tissue Composition of Urethra
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
133
The middle part of the urethra is surrounded by the ____.
External Striated Muscle Sphincter
134
Tissue Composition of Male Urethra
* Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
* Stratified and Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
* Stratified Squamous Epithelium
135
Three Regions of the Male Urethra
* Prostatic
* Membranous
* Spongy
136
The ____ passes through the urogenital diaphragm.
Membranous urethra
137
Tissue Composition of Female Urethra
* Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
* Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
