Spinal Anat - Irene Gold Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
who do you need to thank for making these cards?
A
Kyle Zabst A.T.C., B.S.
2
Q
olfactory site of exit (soe)
A
cribriform plate, ethmoid
3
Q
optic soe
A
optic canal; sphenoid
4
Q
oculomotor soe
A
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid
5
Q
trochlear soe
A
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid
6
Q
trigeminal, opthalamic soe
A
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid
7
Q
trigeminal, maxillary soe
A
foramen rotundum; sphenoid
8
Q
trigeminal, mandibular soe
A
foramen ovale; sphenoid
9
Q
facial soe
A
internal acoustic meatus then hiatus of facial canal
10
Q
facial, greater petrosal soe
A
petrotympanic fissire
11
Q
facial, chorda tympani soe
A
stylomastoid foramen
12
Q
vestibulococochlear soe
A
internal acoustic meatus ( doesn’t leave skull)
13
Q
glossopharyngeal soe
A
jugular foramen
14
Q
vagus soe
A
jugular foramen
15
Q
accessory soe
A
jugular foramen
16
Q
hypoglossal soe
A
hypoglossal canal
17
Q
oculomotor ganglia
A
pre= edinger-westphal; post= cillary
18
Q
oculomotor function
A
ciliary muscle= accomidation of lens; sphincter of iris= pupillary constriction
19
Q
facial ganglia
A
pre= superior salivatory; post= pterygopalatine and submandibular
20
Q
facial function
A
ptyergopalatine= lacrimal, nasal and palatine; submandibular= submandibular and sublingual
21
Q
glossopharyngeal ganglia
A
pre= inferior salivary; post= otic
22
Q
glossopharyngeal function
A
otic= salivary
23
Q
vagus ganglia
A
pre= Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; post= intramural ganglia
24
Q
vagus function
A
heart and lungs
25
what are the primary brain vessicles?
Rhombencephalon; mesencephalon, prosencephalon
26
what does the rhombencephalon turn into?
myelencephalon; metenchephalon
27
what does the prosencephalon turn into
diencephalon and telencephalon
28
what are the secondary brain vesicles?
myelencephalon, metecephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon
29
what does the myencephalong turn into
medulla oblongata
30
what does the metencephalon turn into?
pons and cerebellum
31
what does the mesencephalon turn into?
midbrain, (tectum and cerebral peduncles)
32
what does the diencephalon turn into
thalamus, epithalamus, olfactory system
33
cn from tel
CN I
34
cn from di
CN 2
35
CN from mes
CN 3 and 4
36
CN from met
CN 5,6,7,8
37
CN from myel
CN 9,10, 11, 12
38
what does the telencephalon turn into
cerebral hemispheres, olfactory system, corpus striatum, cortex, medullary center
39
function of anterior corticospinal tract
motor
40
fx anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract)
pain, temp contra lateral body
41
fx dorsolateral fasciculus/ lissauers
pain, temp contra lateral body
42
fx dorsal spinocerebellar tract
proprioception- ipsilateral lower body
43
fx fasciculus gracilis
lower body fine touch and proprioception of ipsil body
44
fx fasciculus cuneatus?
upper body fine touch and proprioception of ipsil body
45
fx lateral corticospinal tract
voluntary motor
46
fx vestibulospinal tract
motor
47
fx medial longitudinal fasiculus
motor
48
fx medullary and pontine reticulospinal tracts
motor
49
fx rubrospinal tracts
motor
50
fx substanstia gelantinosa
lamina II- inhibition neurons
51
fx lower motor neurons of lamina IX
innervate skeletal msl
52
lateral horn= intermediolateral nucleus fx?
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
53
dorsal nucleus of clarke fx?
proprioception that become dorsal spinalcerebellar tract
54
medial lemniscus of medulla fx?
secondary fibers of fine touch and proprioception pathway of contralateral body
55
pyramids of medulla fx?
descending motor fibers- corticospinal tract
56
spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract in medulla fx?
pain and temp of IPSIL face
57
hypoglossal nucleus in medulla fx?
tongue muscles
58
dorsal motor nuc of X of medulla fx?
preganglionic sympathetic neurons of X
59
fx of middle cerebellar peduncle?
pontocerebellar fibers
60
central tegmental tract of pons fx?
ascending reticular activating system
61
Chief sensory neurons of V in pons fx?
fine touch from ipsil face
62
fx of cerebral crus of midbrain?
descending fibers from cerebral hemispheres
63
fx of superior colliculus of midbrain?
reflex center- responds to visual and auditory inputs
64
fx of substantia nigra?
basal ganglia- motor- assoc c parkinsons
65
fx of red nucleus pf midbrain?
motor
66
fx of medial and lateral geniculate bodies?
medial= auditory; lateral visual
67
edinger-westphal nucleus of midbrain fx?
preganglionic parasymp of III n
68
fornix of diencephalon fx?
major tract of limbic system- processing for memory
69
where does the fornix come from?
the hippocampus
70
posterior limb internal capsule of diencephalon fx?
major sensory/motor pathway going to cerebral cortex
71
fx of putamen of diencephalon
motor
72
fx of globus pallidus of diencephalon
motor
73
fx of caudate nuc of diencephalon
motor
74
what makes up the basal ganglia?
pallidus, globus pallidus and caudate nuc
75
how does CSF circulate?
lat vent; foramen monroe; 3rd vent; aqueduct of sylvius; 4th vent; pontine cistern OR central canal of spinal cord
76
what is the septum pallucidium
separates left and right lateral vents
77
what are the ventricles lined with?
ependymal cells
78
what makes up the choroid plexus?
vascularized Ependymal cells
79
what is the Falx cerebri
cresent shaped and an extension of the dura mater
80
what runs along the superior part of the falx cerebri?
sagittal sinus
81
where is the limbic system found
border of the temporal lobe
82
what is the function of the limbic system
memory and emotions
83
what makes up the circle of willis
Posterior Cerebral, Post Communicating, Internal Carotid, Ant Cerebral, Ant Communicating
84
what are the unpaired venous sinuses of Dura Mater?
Sup Sagittal, Inf. Sagittal, Great Cerebral Vein, straight sinus and occipital
85
where do all of the unpaired sinuses meet?
at the confluences of the sinuses
86
what drains into the straight sinus?
inf sagittal and great cerebral vein
87
what drains into the confluence of the sinuses?
sup sagittal, occipital and straight
88
where does the confluence of the sinuses drain to?
the transverse sinus
89
what sinuses drain into the Jugular vein?
inf and sup petrosals, sigmoid sinus, and transverse sinus
90
which jugular vein drains the brain?
Internal Jugular Vein drains the brain
91
what lobe houses the precentral gyrus?
Frontal
92
what cells are found in the 4th layer of the precentral gyrus?
Betz cells
93
what is the function of the precentral gyrus?
voluntary motor
94
where does the corticospinal tract originate from?
precentral gyrus
95
what lobe houses the postcentral gyrus
parietal
96
what is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
primary somatosensory area
97
what fibers do the postcentral gyrus receive?
fibers from the thalamus
98
what lobe houses the prefrontal area?
Frontal
99
what is the function of the prefrontal gyrus?
social interaction
100
where is brocas area found?
left inferior frontal gyrus
101
what is the function of Brocas area
motor for speech
102
what is the function of the transverse temporal gyrus?
hearing
103
what substance harms Wernikes area?
alcohol
104
what is the function of wernikes area?
comprehension of speech
105
where is the angular gyrus found?
parietal
106
where is the uncus found
temporal lobe
107
what is the function of the uncus?
smell
108
where is the calcarine sulcus found?
occipital
109
what is the function of the calcarine sulcus
vision
110
what is the overall function of the cerebellum?
coordination of movement
111
what are the 4 nuclei of the cerebellum?
fastigial, Globus, Embelliform, Dentate
112
what is the largest nucleus of the cerebellum?
the dentate
113
pneumonic for cerebellar nuclei?
Fat, Girls, Eat Donuts
114
the pons houses the nuclei for what crainial nerves?
V,VI,VII,VIII
115
The medulla houses the nuclei for what crainial nerves?
IX,X,XI,XII
116
what is the function of the Inf Olivary Nucleus
climbing fibers to the cerebellum
117
what is the function of the pyramids?
decussation of the corticospinal tract
118
function of the basal ganglia?
background muscle tone
119
what makes up the basal ganglia?
lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus
120
what makes up the lentiform nucleus?
putamen and globus pallidus
121
what is the way that the anterior pituitary communicates with the CNS?
the blood
122
what is the way that the posterior pituitary communicates with the CNS?
neural connection
123
function of astrocytes?
for repair and blood brain barrier
124
function of oligodendrocytes?
Form myelin sheaths around CNS
125
fx of schwann cells?
form myelin sheaths around PNS
126
fx of microglial cells?
engulf foreign and dead particles
127
fx of Ependymal cells?
line the ventricles
128
what are the sensory fibers for pain?
nociceptors- free nerve endings
129
what are the sensory fibers for temperature?
Krause= cold; Ruffini= Hot
130
what are the sensory fibers for touch?
merkels; meissners; Pacinian; Peritrichial nerve endings
131
what are the sensory fibers for proprioception?
Muslce spindles; GTOs
132
what is the leptomeninx
pia and arachnoid
133
what is the pachymeninx?
dura
134
main function of the posterior horn?
sensory
135
main function of the anterior horn?
motor
136
fibers for alpha motor neurons
extrafusal
137
fibers for gamma motor neurons
intrafusal
138
what are renshaw fibers and where are they located?
inhibitory cells that are close to motor cells
139
function of the lateral horn?
sympathetic division and only exsists from T1-L2
140
function of the medial lemniscal system?
proprioception
141
what is the pathway of the lemniscal system?
DRG of either the gracilis or cuneatus
142
function of the fasciculus gracilis?
vibration
143
function of the fasciculus cuneatus
2 point discrimination
144
function of the posterior spinocerebellar tract?
unconcious proprioception to the cerebellum from the lower limb
145
function of anterior spinocerebellar tract?
stretch from spindle cells of lower limb
146
function of spinaltectal?
tactile stimulation causing visual reflexes
147
def of tectile?
hearing and vision
148
fx of medial lemniscus?
proprioception, disc touch, vibration
149
fx of pyrmidal tracts
voluntary motor
150
fx of lateral corticospinal tracts
voluntary motor
151
ant. Corticospinal tracts
voluntary motor of fine movements of the hand
152
fx of rubrospinal
facilitates flexors and inhibits extensor movement coordination
153
fx of reticulospinal
control of respiration and heartbeat; facilitate muscles, inhibit antagonists- Involuntary
154
fx of vestibulospinal
posture and balance. Head and eye coordination. Extension of erector spinae, involuntary
155
tx of tectospinal
postural reflexes to sight and sound
156
what is the upper motor neuron lesion?
involves any central neuron conveying impulses to the anterior horn. A lesion from the brain down to the anterior horn cell, but does not include the ant horn cell
157
what s the lower motor neuron lesion
involves the anterior horn cell, the ant. Roots of the peripheral nerve. A lesion from the ant. Horn cell to the periphery
158
what do you see with UMNLs?
spastic paralysis, increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes present
159
what do you see with LMNLs?
flaccid paralysis, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, and absent pathological reflexes
160
what nerves carry parasympathetics?
CN 3,7,8,9,10 and S 2,3,4
161
do blood vessels have parasympathetic innervation?
NO
162
What is the ganglia of tbe lesser splanchnic n?
superior mesenteric
163
what is the ganglia of the greater splanchnic n?
celiac
164
what is the ganglia of the least splanchnic n?
superior mesenteric
165
Ganglia of lumbar splanchnic n
inf. Mesenteric
166
sympathetic function of CN3?
pupil and ciliary body constriction
167
sympathetic function of CN7?
tearing and salivation
168
sympathetic function of CN9?
salivaton
169
sympathetic function of CN10?
vagus and its ramifications
170
what are the neurotrasmitters used by the preganglionics of the sympathetic NS?
cholinergic=acetylcholine
171
what are the neurotrasmitters used by the postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
adrenergic= epi and norepi
172
what neurotransmitters does the parasympathetic NS use?
for both pre and postganglionic is cholinergic
173
what is the order of the bones of the middle ear?
maleus, Incus, stapes (Cant MIS the order)
174
what makes up the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
175
what is w/in the vestibul?
utricle and saccule
176
what is w/in the semicircular canals?
swelling at one end called the ampulla
177
what is the modiolus?
the central pillar of the cochlea
178
what separates the two canals of the cochlea?
basilar membrane
179
what are the canals of the cochlea?
scala vestibuli and scala tympani
180
what are the canals of the cochlea filled with?
endolymph
181
what is specificly for static equilibrium?
sacule and utricle
182
what is specificly for dynamic equilibrium?
semicircular canals
183
what are the "hair cells" of the ear?
sterocilia and kinocillium and they are in the macula and extend through an otolithic membrane
184
fx of otolithic membrane?
slides w/ movement and stimulates the hair which are connected to CN VIII
185
what are the orientation of the semicircular canals?
ant and post= vertical; lateral= horizontal
186
what is the ampulla? And what is contained in the ampulla?
dilated portion of each duct. Contains crista
187
what is the crista?
hair cells covered with gel called cupula
188
where is the organ of corti located?
cochlea
189
does the sense of smell pass through the thalamus?
NO instead it goes through the Olfactory Bulb (which is mitral cells)
190
does the sense of smell pass through the limbic system?
YES, it creates memories
191
what opens to the superior nasal meatus?
posterior ethmoidal air cells]
192
what opens to the middle nasal meatus?
maxillary sinus and frontal
193
what opens to the inferior nasal meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
194
what part of the brain perceives smell?
uncus
195
what is the olfactory bulb an extension of?
telencephalon
196
what are the functional cells of smell?
MITRAL and tufted cells
197
where does visual information travel after the optic chiasm?
the optic tract
198
where does visual information travel after the optic tract?
the lateral geniculate body
199
what centers of the brain receives the visual info?
calcarine sulcus of occipital lobe AND superior colliculus for visual motor functions
200
is the sclera continuation of the conjunctiva?
yes
201
what are the borders of the anterior chamber of the eye?
cornea to iris (cia= Cornea, Iris, Anterior
202
what are the border of the posterior chamber of eye?
iris to lens
203
what are the borders of the vitreous chamber of the eye?
lens to retina
204
where is the ciliary body contained?
posterior chamber
205
what does the ciliary body make?
aqueous humor
206
what is the flow pattern of the aqueous humor?
post, ->ant -> out of the Canal of Schlemm to venous system
207
what happens if you have a blockage of the canal of schlemm?
glaucoma
208
what does the perineurium cover?
the fasciculus
209
what are the motor nerves of the cervical plexus?
C3,4,5
210
what are the sensory nerves of the cervical plexus?
"OATS" lesser Occipital; great Auricular, Transverse cervical nerve; Supraclavicular
211
motor for axillary n
teres MINOR, deltoid
212
motor for musculocutaneous?
coraco, biceps, brachialis
213
motor for median?
wrist flexors, pronators and thenar LOAF
214
motor for ulnar n?
hand interossei and lumbricals
215
motor for radial n?
forearm and wrist extensor and supinators
216
motor for long thoracic
serratus ant
217
motor for suprascap
supra and infra spinatus
218
motor for thoracodorsal?
lats
219
fx of ilioinguinal n?
sens to med thigh
220
fx of genitofemoral
cremasteric muscle and skin of scrotum/labia
221
fx of saphenous n?
sensory to medial leg
222
fx of femoral n?
pectineus, sartorius, psoas, iliacus, quads
223
fx of obturator n?
adductor longus, brevis, magnis, Gracilis, obtorator foramen
224
fx of sup glut?
glut med, min and TFL
225
fx of inf glut?
glut max
226
fx of sciatic?
hams
227
fx of common peroneal?
short head of biceps
228
fx of deep peroneal?
tibialis ant and toe ext
229
fx of sup peroneal?
peroneus longus and brevis
230
fx of tibial n?
calf muscles, hams, adductor mag
231
what are the bones of the eye?
zygomatic, frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid
232
def of bregma?
intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures
233
def of pterion?
intersection of frontal, spheniod, temporal and parietal
234
def of lambda?
intersection of lambdoid and sagittal sutures
235
does c7 have a bifid spinous>
no
236
where do you see the carotid tubericle?
c6
237
what are the atypical vertebrae?
C1,C2,C7,T1,T9-12,L5, Sacrum, coccyx
238
what is the weight bearing structure of C1?
lateral masses
239
what is inside of the suboccipital triangle?
vertebral artery and 1st cervical n
240
what muscles make up the suboccipital triangle
obliquus capitus sup., rectus capitus post major, obliquus capitis inferior
241
borders of the occipital triangle?
trap, SCM, omohyoid
242
borders of the carotid triangle?
madible, SCM, Omohyoid superior belly
243
borders of the omoclavicular triangle?
inf omohyoid, SCM, clavical
244
borders of lumbar triangle (petits)
exteral oblique(lat), lat dorsi(med), iliac crest(inf), internal oblique(floor)
245
how much of adult spine is the IVD
25%
246
what is the nucleus pulposis is the remnant of?
the notochord
247
where does the supraspinous ligment run?
C7 SP to S1
248
what is the supraspinous lig called above the C7?
Ligamentum Nuchae
249
what does the ligamentum flavum do for the zygapophaseal joint?
strengthens medial aspect of zygapophyseal joint
250
where does the tectoral membrane run?
from C2 to inion
251
what is the tectoral membrane a continuation of?
the PLL
252
function of Alar lig
attaches dens to foramen magnum
253
what isimportant about the post atlantooccipital membrane?
these ossify
254
what is the dentate lig?
extension of pia mater
255
what is the cremasteric muscle formed by?
aponeurosis of the internal abdominal oblique muscle
256
what is the inguinal ligament formed by?
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
257
what is contained in the greater sciatic foramen?
superior and inf glut vessels; sup and inf glut n., internal pudental vessels, pudendal n, sciatic n, post femoral cut n, nerves to obturator internus and quadratus
258
contents of lesser sciatic foramen
tendon of obturator internus, nerve to obturator internus, internal pudendal vessels and pudendal n
