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Spinal Cord Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Case of the jellyfish

A

–Has a neural net •Diffuse •Radial organization •Reflex Pathways

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2
Q

Case of the lamprey

A

–Has a nerve cord (iespinal cord) •Central •Segmented •Reflex Pathways, Conduit, Central Pattern Generators

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3
Q

Segmented

A

why you can move in multiple directions at once

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4
Q

Case of mammals

A

–Have Brain and Spinal Cord •Central •Spine and spinal cord are segmented and specialized •Reflex Pathways, Conduit, Central Pattern Generators

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5
Q

Reflex Pathways, Conduit, Central Pattern Generators

A

walking breathing, etc, things you dont have to think about

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6
Q

Spinal cord segments have distinct anatomical features

A

•Cervical enlargement •Lumbosacral enlargement •Peripheral organization •Conusmedullaris, cauda equina, filumterminale

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7
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

reason for enlargement is bc of our hands and feet, more neurons also, white matter serves as conduit so axons in cervical cord have the axons that go all the way down to the bottom

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8
Q

Conus medullaris

A

between l1-l2, goes down to s5

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

horses tail

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10
Q

filum terminale

A

ligament, can cause tethered cord system, cause back pain, pelvic floor function and incontinence

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11
Q

Gray matter

A

dendrites, cell bodies, and axon terminals –Located in dorsal and ventral horns

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12
Q

White matter

A

myelinatedaxonsof ascending and descending information

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13
Q

MS

A

starts with spinal cord, macros around peripheral white matter

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14
Q

lissuaers tract

A

this tract has unmyelinated axons in it, how pain info gets into spinal cord

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15
Q

somatosensory small fibers

A

go to dorsal horn and synapse related to pain takes longe rto turn on and off

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16
Q

somatosensory fat axons

A

nonpainful and mechanoreception faster

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17
Q

sensory

A

demratome

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18
Q

motor

A

myotome

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19
Q

brachial plexus sections

A

randy - roots travis - trunks drinks - divisions cold - cords beer -

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20
Q

why sensory doesn’t match myotome

A

plexus that mix nerves up

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21
Q

cervical cross section

A

a lot of white matter dorsal horns are skinny thicker looks like lower medulla

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22
Q

lumbar

A

big cord a lot of gray matter toward bottom big ventral

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23
Q

thoracic

A

a lot of white matter both horns smaller skinny imll

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24
Q

sacral

A

mostly gray matter skinnier than lumbar big ventral and dorsal horn

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25
white rami
carry sympathetic info from the lateral horn of the spinal cord to the ganglia.
26
gray rami
ramicarry sympathetic info from the ganglia to viscera
27
chiari type I
cerebellum drooping down teeny hole (central canal) trying to let all the csf down because there is pressure so it creates a fluid filled sac called spherinx and it presses against horns on both sides and you get seringromylia.....weakness, paralysis, diminished snese or hyper sense and in a lot of pain
28
lumbar puncture
nerves lfoating in water, the displacement causes it to float up and it moves, terrible injector can cause problems
29
afferent tracts
all sensory going up, fat fibers go posterior funiculi, thin fibers go into dorsal horn
30
primary neuron
neuorn coming from dorsal root ganlia has a psuedounipolra axon, transduces signal from periphery insto electrochemical that the neuron can interpret and then shares it
31
secondary
number 2 in chain
32
motor neurons
ventral horn and root - motor neuron
33
lmn
a neuron directly innervating muscle basic weakness
34
umn
a neuron in a series of neurons in the brain that will innervate a LMN spasticity
35
Renshaw cells
provide negative feedback on LMNs at level of spinal cord •Constant inhibition •Glycinergic –Large amounts in jaw and facial musculature •Blocked by strychnine –Convulsions
36
renshaw cells secrete
glycine
37
interneurons
constant twerking to enhance signal
38
propriospinal
sub class of interneuron, sits between border of white and gray matter connect diff levels on interneurons to each other tracer to figure out where all fibers that uptake....
39
rexed lamina
represent histologically and morphologically similar groups of neurons in the gray matter •10 layers
40
lamina I
marginal zone - pain fibers
41
lamina II
substantia gelitinosa of rolando - pain a lot of converging input to let you know if you should ignore pain
42
lamina III-IV
nucleus proprius - mechanoreceptive
43
lamina V
mix of pain, temp, and itch, no special name
44
lamina VI
pain, mchanoreceptive and proprioreceptive
45
Lamina overview
1-6 are dorsal horn, 7-10 are ventral horn layer 10 dont worry it is right around central canal, will go with cerebralmalinga
46
mechanoreceptive
light touch and 2 point discrimination
47
nucleus proprius
lamina 3 and 4
48
lamina VII
big thoracic cord imll sacral cord autonomic nucleus of sacral cord (para) propriorective synapses clarks nucleus - proprioreceptive nucleus
49
Lamina VIII and IX
8 and 9 are related lower motor neurons make ventral horn motrom horne 8 proximal muscles (trunk) 9 is distal muscles (extremities)
50
lower motor neuron pools
a bunch of cell body pools, innervate the same muscles
51
onuf's nucleus
ventral horn of s2-s4 lamina 8 and 9 pudendal nerve
52
Clarke's nucleus
dorsal nucleus and clark somehow mixed
53
accessory nucleus
upper cervical ventral horn lamina 9 sticks out and it is the spinal accessory nucleus traps and scm
54
phrenic nucleus
c3-c5/6 innervate diaphragm
55
nucleus caudalis
spinal trigeminal nucleus from brain stem down to c4? basis for cervicogenic headaches because it shares dorsal horn with all these cerical nerves, so you get pain in a demratone and interpret it as a headache
56
IML
love handles T1-L2
57
Somatotopic
flexors - dorsal extensors - ventral lateral to medial Hand\>Forearm\>arm\>shoulder\>trunk
58
more neurons per unit area
smaller receptive field=more sensitive
59
nociceptors
more dorsal bad noxious any type of irritation
60
mechanoreceptors
touch
61
proprioceptors
more ventral
62
free nerve endings
most basic light touch temp pain chemical acidity cold capsacin have everything but nothing else can detect pain and temp
63
merkels disk
unencapsulated two cell types together fine touch
64
ruffinis corpuscle
encapsulated free nerve ending pressure
65
pacinian corpuscle
vibration onion skin wrapped many times around free nerve ending
66
meissners corpuscle
fine touch condensed free nerve ending encapsulated in dermal papillae
67
different types of free nerve endings
•Nociceptoris umbrella term for “noxious” receptor •Thermal, mechanical, chemo •Silent/sleeping nociceptors •Polymodalnociceptors
68
pain
psychological pheomenon in your head
69
GTOs
cant detect if someone else raises up only detect if there is a strain gto causes you to drop weight sits at muscle and tendon intersection
70
intrafusal fibers
passively contract muscle spindle sends signal out thatis interpreting change
71
extrafusal fibers
contract
72
nuclear chain
fibers have single row of nuclei in center of fiber only moves when muscle is moving
73
nuclear bag
fibers have nuclei collected in bundle in center of fiber signals during moevment and when passive
74
two types of bag fibers
one to signal staticmuscle length and one to signal changesin muscle length
75
Type Ia
–Wrap around allspindle types at the center of spindle –Annulospiralendings –Provide info on length and velocity Fast
76
type II
–Innervate nuclear chain and only STATIC nuclear bag fibers –Flower spray endings –Provide info only on length
77
GTO sit at muscle-tendon junction
•GTOs are more responsive to active muscle stretch than muscle spindles •Use Ibaxons •Often used in negative feedback circuits
78
A Fibers
Myelinated sensory and motor fibers, fastest Alpha Beta Gamma Delta •\*In “A” fibers, the “A” is often omitted and only the greekletter is used to describe the subtype
79
Alpha
fastest lower motor neurons extrafusal
80
Beta
fibers from somatosensory receptors
81
Delta
slowest of the A sharp pain cold
82
B fibers
Myelinated visceral fibers preganglionic autonomic lightly myelinated
83
C Fibers
unmyelinated fibers postganglionic autonomic slow pain heat itch slowest
84
Another way to classify PNS axons, from largest to smallest
•I –Ia: Muscle Spindles –Ib: Golgi Tendon organs •II—Same as A-Beta or A-Gamma Fibers •III—Same as A-Delta or B Fibers •IV—Same as C Fibers
85
myotactic reflex
works within spinal circuits
86
Steps for myotactic reflex
descending facilitation and inhibition alpha motor neuron muscle force required to hold glass & disturbance (addition of liquid to glass) length change in muscle fiber spindle receptor increase spindle afferent discharge (positive on alpha motor neuron)
87
more complex reflex arc: crossed extension reflex
Most of our activity is controlled by microcircuits that are activated in sequences both in the brain and spinal cord phillisons reflex: doing opposite things on each side
88
locomotion and the spinal cord: central patter generators
reflex arc but do the same thing over and over
89
fasciculus cuneatus
vibration and 2 point discriminations
90
ventral spinocerebellar tract
carry unconscious proprioreception
91
anterolateral system
pain heat itch
92
fasciculus proprius
proprial spinal nerves complicated stuff happens
93
lateral corticospinal tract
descending
94
ascending and descending around spinal cord
ascending - around edges descending - middle
95
clarkes nucleus

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