Intro to Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
3 functions of nervous system
A
- takes in sensory info (sensory neurons) 2. integrates this info (interneurons and projection neurons) Tells muscles and glands (effectors) to respond accordingly (lower or motor neurons)
2
Q
Spinal Cord overview
A
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral only extends to L1-L2
3
Q
PNS Overview
A
31 spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves
4
Q
Sensory input
A
receptor transduces energy into electrochemical signal, through pns
5
Q
Motor output
A
electrochemical signal transduced by effector through pns
6
Q
PNS somatic
A
skeletal muscle, voluntary
7
Q
PNS autonomic
A
smooth muscle, visceral, automatic
8
Q
Sympathetic
A
flight or flight
9
Q
Parasympathetic
A
rest and digest
10
Q
rostral
A
towards the top of the head before flexing of brain
11
Q
caudal
A
toward bottom before flexure
12
Q
brain dorsal
A
superior
13
Q
brain ventral
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inferior
14
Q
spinal cord dorsal
A
posterior
15
Q
spinal cord ventral
A
anterior
16
Q
anterior and posterior is the same as? in the brain
A
anterior posterior
17
Q
cell types in nervous tissue
A
neurons glia oligodendrocytes schwann cells astrocytes microglia ependymal cells
18
Q
Neuron types
A
Unipolar
- 2 Bipolar
- 3 Multipolar - dendrites have primary, secondary, etc branches
–Most neurons
•4 Pseudounipolar - no dendrites
–Dorsal root ganglia
19
Q
Glial cells more than just glue
Tri-part synapes
A
cells of the nervous sytem need oxygen, nutrients, heat, etc
presynaptic, postsynaptic and astrocyted process - astrocytes provide glue, atp, recycle glutamate, regulate ca2+
20
Q
synapse
A
both neurons, dont confuse with the synaptic cleft
21
Q
subsynaptic web
A
postsynaptic density
collection of receptors and scaffolding proteins that hold thme in place so that they are localized and ready for the signal
22
Q
Glutamate ionotropic
A
- ampa - na influx
- kainate - na influx
- nmda - requires depolarization, some mg and then na and ca influx in addtion to glutamate binding (learning memory and epilepsy - too much antieptipleptic can cause retardation
23
Q
glutamate metabotropic
A
big variation over 100 subtypes
mglurs
24
Q
glutamate can be?
A
excitotoxic
25
GABA
most prevalent inhibitory nt
26
gaba ionotropic
GAba -a
cl influx
benzos and alcohol are agonists
27
gaba metabtropic
1. gaba-b gpcr and 2nd messengers
2. girk channels trigger ipsps by expelling k
28
glycine
found all through the body, particularly active in spinal cord
29
acetylcholine
•All motoneurons on skeletal muscle use Ach.
•Come from acetyl coA and choline. Use the enzyme CHAT (choline acetyl transferase)
•Degraded by acetyl cholinesterase.
•Nicotinic (ionotropic)—skeletal muscle. Na+ and Ca2+ influx.
–More nicotonic in PNS
•Muscarinic (metabotropic).
More muscarinic in CNS
30
Otto lowi's classic experiment
Donor heart:
stimulate vagus
heart rate slows
remove fluid sample
Recipient heart:
add fluid to recipient heart
heart rate slows
soup mehtod
31
myathenia gravis
* Autoimmune disorder
* Antibodies against nicotinic receptors
* Production of Ach is normal
* Progressively weaker with repeated muscle contractions
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are treatment target
32
Dopamine - monoamine
»D1 (Excitatory) and D2 (Inhibitory) receptors
»GPCRs
»Two major areas are from SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA)
33
ventral tegmental area
addiction and schizophrenia
34
norepi-monoamine-catecholamine
»Produced in the Locus Ceruleus in the pons
»All about arousal alertness and attention
»PNS sympathetic neurotransmitter
»2 alpha and 2 beta receptor subtypes
35
serotonin (5ht) - monoamine - indoleamine
–Related to depression
–Raphe nuclei of the brainstem (midbrain)
–At least 7 different receptor subtypes
–SSRIs
–Recycling and degradation also involved MAOIs. This is why for a long time all monoamines were targeted in depression. Now, mix of targets for 5-HT and NE
36
Neuropeptides
–Co-released with other neurotransmitters
–Packaged in Golgi Complex, Cleaved
–Fast axonal tranpsort
–Vesicles not recycled
–Require higher freq AP
–Examples are Substance P, VIP, CCK, ADH, Endorphins
37
adenosine
–Another co-released with glutamate
–Tends to be more sedative
–Antagonist is caffeine
–Receptors are GPCRs
38
Nitric oxide (no)
–Gaseous neurotransmitter
–Diffuses quickly across and between cell
–Travels in many directions
–Synthesized immediately before use
39
Electrical synapse
gap junctions
connections
40
white matter
myelinated axons(cns)
41
tracts
axons clutered in the central nervous system
42
ganglion
cell bodies, usually in the pns
43
nerves
axons clustered and ensheathed in the pns
44
neurons are cells
–They have metabolic needs, like all cells
–They have similar components to other cells in the body (eg. membrane, organelles)
–They have some unique components (eg. myelin sheaths, vesicles, axons)
•NEURONS DO NOT CONTINUALLY DIVIDE
45
Nissl body
part of rer -protein synthesis
stains purple
46
neurofilaments
provide structure
47
microtubules
provide highways and tracts for thing to travel
48
axonal transport is important for
•Sending materials, nutrients from the cell body down to the axon terminal (anterograde)
–Synthesis of some neurotransmitters, synthesis of vesicles
•Taking materials from the axon terminal and sending them back up to the cell body (retrograde)
–Recycling of released materials
–Growth factors
49
Neurotrophins
help nerve growth and migration through retrograde support
50
neocortex lobes
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
limbic
51
major sulci and notch
1. central sulcus (sulcus or rolando) - pre and post central gyrus
2. lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) - temporal, parietal and frontal
3. parietoocciptal sulcus - parietal and occipital
4. cingulate - limbic lobe
5. preoccipital notch
52
Frontal lobe overview
motor and metacognition
precentral gyrus
superior gyrus
middle gyrus
inferior gyrus
orbitofrontal cortex
gyrus rectus
53
Frontal lobe - precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex (voluntary motor control)
premotor and supplementary motor cortex (motor planning)
54
frontal lobe - superior gyrus
frontal eye fields (eye tracking)
55
frontal lobe -inferior gyrus
brocas area (speech production)
56
phineas gage
how frontal love contributes to personality by spike through skull
57
Tan
showed how frontal lobe helps creaase fluent speech, missing brocas area
58
Parietal lobe - lobes
1. poscentral gyrus
2. superior lobe
3. inferior lobe - supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
4. precuneus
59
parietal lobe - postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex (somato-sensation)
60
other parietal lobe functions
language comprehension (around border with temp., frontal)
spatial orentation and perception
61
hemi-neglect
1. illustrates parietal lobes rol in spatial attention
2. damage to right side of brain
62
homunculus
pre and post central gyrus
inferior outside around to inferior inside
head
hand
body
leg
foot
63
temporal lobes
superior
middle
inferior
fusiform
64
temporal - superior lobe
primary auditory cortex
wernickes area (understanding speech)
65
other temporal lobe function
ventral stream of "what?" (details in visual processing)
66
Occipital lobe overview
lateral occipital gyri
cuneus
lingual gyrus
67
Occipital lobe function
•Cuneus
–V1 (primary visual cortex)
–Area 17
•V2 (visual association cortex)
–Area 18
•Calcarine sulcus
•Occipital pole = fovea
68
patients with cortical blindness illustrate?
occipitals lobes role in visual perception
69
limbic lobe
•Cingulate gyrus
–Isthmus
•Parahippocampal gyrus
•Uncus
70
HM
showed us how the limbic lobe helps create new memories
71
damage to left side of brain
aphasia
72
right side brain function
visuaspatial
integration
musicality
attention
73
basal ganglia
subcortical sits in center of cerebrum
chains and sequences of motor activation
caudate nucleus\>corpus striatum\>puamen\>lentiform nucleus\>glovbus pallidus
74
dencephalon is comprised of
retina
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
75
thalamus role
primary gatekeeper
sensory info always goes through thalamus before cortex (1 exception)
also has homunculus
76
hypothalamus
king of autonoic and neuroendocrine systems
strongly connected to limbic love - emotions
77
brainstem is comprised of
midbrain
pons
medullat
78
midbrain tementum
cranial nerve nuclei
reticular formation
cranial nuclei related to occulomotor control
III, IV, V, and VI
also etends into pons and medulla
79
pons is composed of
basis pontis and tegmentum
80
basis pontis
white matter
pontine nucle
huge amounts of clusters of axons
81
pontine tegmentum
cranial nerve nuclei
reticular formation
micturition center
82
medulla has an?
open and closed portion
83
open medulla
tegmentum
cardiac and respiratory control centers
cranial nerve nuclei
84
closed medulla
white matter
85
cerebellum
* Receives unconscious, proprioceptive input
* Coordinates complex movements
* Measures muscle positions relative targets
* Responsible for normal gait and posture
86
association fibers
pass form one part of a single hemisphere to another
87
commissural fibers
link matching areas of the two hemispheres
88
projection fibers
run to subortical nuclei
89
corpus callosum anatomy
genu
trunk
isthmus
spenium
Men larger genu, women larger isthmus. Men decline with age, not women. Handedness changed the size in men, not in women (suggesting that women are less lateralized than men)
90
descending white matter pathway in brain top to bottom
1) Corona Radiata
2) Internal Capsule
3) Crus Cerebri
4) Pyramids
91
ascending tracts
most sensory infot that enters the cord will decussate int he brain
primary second order and third order neurons
primary afferents dont usually decussate
92
descending tracts
most efferent motor info decussates in the brainstam or spinal cord
upper motor neuron is what decussates
only 2, three in afferent
cranial nerve is the lower motor neuron and the upper motrom neuron crosses in brainstem
spinal nerve is the lower motor neuron and the upper neuron crosses in the spinal cord
93
decussation implications
•This means that most tactile/painful information that enters the brain is represented CONTRALATERALLY
•Most motor commands are generated in the brain CONTRALATERALLY
\*Lower motor neurons don’t usually decussate
94
para pre and post
ach
ach
95
sympa pre and post
ach
ne
96
more inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory - gaba
97
gad
changes glutamate to gaba
98
muscarinic details (ach)
more nuclear takes a little longer to work
99
ventral tegmental area details
eat sleep drink have sex take drugs...anything you like
cognitive part
sn coordinates the movemnt to do these things
100
snri
for 5th and ne
101
changes in aging are involved with
electrical synapses
102
nervous tissue tumors are from
glia bc they still divide
103
parietal lobes role in vision
where the visual info travels to and where we get the info about the movement of objects
104
fusiform
man hat
george clooney
jennifer aniston
105
wernickes aphasia
not forming words in mind before you say
trouble with auditory processing
word salad
106
occipital lobe pearls
cuneus and lingula gyrus is where you first get visual processing
lingual is superior cuneus is inferior visual fiels
v1 further back
v2 more rostral
occipital pole is closer to v1
fall directly back lose vision just in fovea
107
what is responsible for ocd
basal ganglia
108
epithalamus
pineal gland
produces melatonin along with retina
109
interthalamic adhesion
connect sides of thalamus
110
lamina terminalis
divides hypothalamus from cortex and basal ganglia
111
cranial nuclei in midbrain tegmentum
related to occulomotor control
III, IV, And VI
112
worst place to have brain damage
medulla
113
where is gaba located in neuron
axon hillock
114
pseudounipolar details
no dendrites
can keep going causing action potentials bc it doesnt have a division to make itself stop....important in pain
115
astrocyte process at synapse
helped develop connection between neurons and neurotransmitter conc
glucose
oxygen
atp
ca
provides vascular...most important
116
toxins at synapse
can cause dumpinf nt into cleft causing convulsion
117
glycine is
inhibitory
118
muscarinic takes...
longer to work they are more nuclear
119
d2 is
metabotropic
120
substantia nigra responsible for
motor
121
vta responsible for
thought
122
benadryl
histamine is unconcious
benadryl crosses bbb and you lose consciousness
123
adenosine sedative
concious understanding that our brain has been working and makes us tired....taken up when we sleep
124
viagra
cyclic gmp
125
electrical synapse overview
gap junctions
connexins
faster than a chemical situation
changes in aging are involved with these
126
hippocampus comes from
olfactory.....memory
127
cingulate sulcus
divides limbic from frontal and parietal
128
frontal is m
motor and meta (personality)
parietal lobe is somatosensory and huge in vision bc this is wehr the visual information travels to and we get info about the movement of objects
129
cuneus
and lingual gyrus is where you first get visual processing
lingual area is superior and cuneus is inferior visual field
130
v2
secondary visual cortex
more rostral
occipital pole is closer to v1
131
amygdala
angry, sad and afraid
132
parahippocampal gyrus
leads to hippocampus
133
uncus
leads to amygdala
134
limbic lobe is responsible for
learning memory and emotion
135
cingulate gyrus is responsible for
emotions of anxiety and dread
136
basal ganglia overvies
around thalamus
chains commands together
ocs
137
brains stem
midbrain
pons
medulla
thalamus sits on top
138
lamina terminalis
divides hypothalamus from cortex and basal ganglia
139
cerebellar pudendals
white matter that connect cerebellum to pons
140
Descending white matter pathway: (projection fibers)
1) Corona Radiata - funnel to thalamus
2) Internal Capsule - finds way to midbrrain
3) CrusCerebri or cerebral pudendals
4) Pyramids
These are the "freeways" cortical information uses to reach the spinal cord
same white matter just condensed or spread out
