Spinal cord and periphery

Question 1

Are tracts made from grey or white matter?

Answer 1

white

Question 2

What is the arrangement of grey and white matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 2

grey inside and white on the outside

Question 3

Where are motor neuron cell bodies found in the spinal cord eg grey matter or white matter

Answer 3

ventral horn of grey matter

Question 4

What is motor neuron disease?

Answer 4

group of diseases affecting the neuron in the ventral horn of spinal cord - lower motor neuron

Question 5

How does motor neuron progress?

Answer 5

nerve dies and so the muscle supplied by this nerve atrophies and have no reflexes or tone
degenerative and incurable

Question 6

What are the 2 broad types of white matter pathways?

Answer 6

ascending - sensory and descending - motor

Question 7

What are the 3 columns of tracts called?

Answer 7

lateral, anterior and posterior

Question 8

What do the corticospinal/pyramidal tracts control?

Answer 8

motor function = control of voluntary skilled movements

Question 9

Where do corticospinal tracts cross?

Answer 9

decussation of pyramids - medulla

Question 10

Are corticospinal tracts classes as UMN or LMN?

Answer 10

upper

Question 11

How many neurons are in ascending pathways?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

What neuron ALWAYS crosses over in ascending pathways?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

What are posterior/dorsal columns responsible for?

Answer 13

fine touch, proprioception, vibration sense

Question 14

Where do posterior columns cross over?

Answer 14

2nd neuron crosses at the medulla - upper portion

Question 15

Where does the 2nd order neuron end and hence the 3rd order neuron start in dorsal pathways?

Answer 15

thalamus

Question 16

In dorsal pathways what part of the brain does the 3rd order neuron travel to?

Answer 16

parietal lobe - post central gyrus

Question 17

What are spinothalamic tracts used for?

Answer 17

pain and temperature

Question 18

What level do spinothalamic tracts cross over?

Answer 18

the level they enter the spinal cord

Question 19

Lesion above level of crossing…

Answer 19

defecit on opposite side

Question 20

lesion below level of crossing…

Answer 20

defecit on same side

Question 21

Where do motor tracts originate?

Answer 21

cerebral cortex and brainstem

Question 22

Motor/descenidn gpathway function

Answer 22

control of movement, muscle tone and spinal autonomic functions

Question 23

Tracts coming from cerebral cortex have how many neurons in their pathway?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

Where do motor tracts decussate?

Answer 24

medulla - pyramidal decussation

Question 25

What are the 2 neurons in the motor pathway referred to as?

Answer 25

UMN and LMN

Question 26

Is the UMN or LMN responsible for reflexes and tone?

Answer 26

LMN

Question 27

If there is damage of the UMN what would happen?

Answer 27

tone increased and reflexes exaggerated

Question 28

What are reflexes?

Answer 28

involuntary stereotyped pattern of response brought about by a sensory stimulus

Question 29

What are reflexes mediated at spinal cord level known as?

Answer 29

spinal reflexes

Question 30

Is the stretch or flexor reflex monosynaptic?

Answer 30

stretch

Question 31

How is the stretch reflex protective?

Answer 31

polysynaptic arc to inhibitory neuron for reciprocal innervation eg knee bucking

Question 32

What does the flexor reflex help protect the body from?

Answer 32

painful stimuli

Question 33

spastic paralysis and hyperflexia - UMN or LMN lesion?

Answer 33

UMN

Question 34

List some things you would enquire about if there is a neurological lesion

Answer 34

cortical problem eg speech motor paralysis/weakness - what side, spastic/flaccid, reflexes sensory defect - what side? for pain+temperature and then proprioception, vibration etc cranial nerve weakness - what side?

Question 35

How many neurons are there in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 35

2

Question 36

ANS function?

Answer 36

innervation and control of secretory glands, smooth muscles and organs

Question 37

Sympathetic outflow

Answer 37

thoracolumbar

Question 38

Parasympathetic outflow

Answer 38

craniosacral

Question 39

Does parasympathetic or sympathetic have ganglia near the target organ?

Answer 39

parasympathetic

Question 40

Does parasympathetic or sympathetic target every body cell?

Answer 40

sympathetic