spinal cord injury

Question 1

SCI can be what type of two others injuries

Answer 1

quadriplegia and paraplegia

Question 2

SCI are acquired by what

Answer 2

trauma

Question 3

what are the causes of SCI and what pourcentages are each of those causes

Answer 3

48% motor vehicles
21% falls ( increase in construction workers and seniors)
14% violence (gunshot)
14% sport injuries (recreational & competitive sports)
3% others

Question 4

what is the number 1 sport to cause sci

Answer 4

diving (pool, lake)

Question 5

in canada how many new cases of sci per year and how many canadians live with sci

Answer 5

1100 new cases per year and 44 000 canadians live with it

Question 6

how much does lifetime health care cost per person w sci

Answer 6

1.6 to 3 million

Question 7

why is there such a wide range of costs with sci

Answer 7

bc of severity (quadraplegia is more $$ than paraplegia) and age (services for longer)

Question 8

about __ % are males and range in age btw __ and __

Answer 8

80%, btw 16 and 30 yo

Question 9

why are males more prone to this at younger ages

Answer 9

bc males drive cars faster and are more reckless

Question 10

Lesions can either be complete or incomplete with what ratio

Answer 10

50%-50% complete-incomplete

Question 11

in the past were there more complete or incomplete lesions

Answer 11

complete

Question 12

the decrease in % of complete lesion is due to … (3)

Answer 12

meds
car safety belt + airbags
paramedics (spinal immobilization)

Question 13

sensory info

Answer 13

ascending pathways (dorsal tracts)

Question 14

cutaneous info+ proprioception = ___

Answer 14

somatosensory system

Question 15

are sensations intact above the lesion

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

motor commands

Answer 16

descending pathways (ventral tracts)

Question 17

can an individual with a spinal cord lesion at the lumbar level contract his arm muscles

Answer 17

yes to move arm m. you need cervical to move legs (no work), won’t reach level needed

Question 18

severity of condition depends on

Answer 18

level of lesion

whether its complete or incomplete (injury can affect more than one vertebra)

Question 19

quadriplegia characteristics (4)

involvement:
cause:
most common damage sites

Answer 19

involvement of all 4 limbs and trunk
cause: damage to cervical segments
C5-C6 most common bc of car accidents
C7: elbow extension, important for wc users bc of tricep innervation (propelling motion of the wc)

Question 20

paraplegia characteristics (2)

Answer 20

involvement of lower limbs and/or trunk (trunk isnt always involved bc T1 to L5)
cause: damage to the thoracic or lumbar spine

Question 21

paraplegia complete lesions by sections

Answer 21

T1 to T6 = no sitting balance
T7 to L1 = some useful sitting
L2 to lower = normal trunk control

Question 22

why is lesions classification important for WC sports

Answer 22

for classification in those sports (better athlete if better trunk control)

Question 23

Health concerns in sci

sensation lost

Answer 23

complete lesion = total loss (below lesion)
incomplete lesion = partial loss (below lesion)

• lose some sensations but not others (hot vs cold… type of fibers)
• vulnerable to injury (visual inspection after playing sports)

Question 24

Health concerns in sci

contractures and injury prevention (spasticity)

Answer 24

shortening and tightening of muscles
- flexors in upper limbs
- extensors in lower limbs
stretching 2x /day (full ROM)

Question 25

what can a dorsal hand splint treat

Answer 25

spasticity and contracture

Question 26

what are the two types of spasticity

Answer 26

triple flexion and PF+ankle inv

Question 27

Health concerns in sci (6)

Answer 27

sensation loss contractures and injury prevention (spasticity) lower limb atrophy osteoporosis weight management (more prone to hypokinetic disease) ANS dysfunction during exercise

Question 28

lower limb atrophy, osteoporosis and weight management are very common in wc users bc of a decrease in ...

Answer 28

``` m. contraction (paralysis) mechanical loading on bones energy expenditure (what you eat vs what you burn during the day) ```

Question 29

ANS dysfunction during exercise will cause what

Answer 29

decrease heart beat, BP sweat impairment impairment of vasoconstrictor function=reduced blood to heart=reduced O2 to m. = early fatigue (narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels)

Question 30

ANS is part of the ns that regulates ___

Answer 30

involuntary function

Question 31

sympathetic system during exercise

Answer 31

increase HR, constricts blood vessels and increase in BP

Question 32

cardiac sympathetic fibers originate from ...

Answer 32

T1 to T5

Question 33

any injuries from C1 to T5 is a dysfunction to what sys

Answer 33

ANS

Question 34

ANS dysfunction can be present in __ and ___

Answer 34

quadriplegics and high paraplegics (lesions at T5 and above)

Question 35

where does the ANS signal originate from

Answer 35

brain stem

Question 36

high intensity exercises (may or may not) be tolerated in persons with quad and high para because of ____

Answer 36

hypotension (impaired blood distribution)

Question 37

high intensity exercises may not be tolerated in persons w quad or high para: cause and symptoms

Answer 37

cause: sympathetic ns (ANS dysfunction) symptoms: dizziness or nausea (feeling faint)

Question 38

special recommendations for exercise programming (SCI), percentage in each disease

Answer 38

decrease in cardiovascular capacity and endurance after SCI; decrease 50% in para and 75% in quad

Question 39

what happens to SCI people's active m mass during exercise

Answer 39

decrease bc lower limb m.: 2/3 of our m. mass | quad: greater loss than para = greater loss of cardiovascular capacity

Question 40

what happens to ANS when dysfunction is present

Answer 40

decrease in drive from symp ns (HR cannot be raised over 110-120 bpm)

Question 41

cardiovascular training may include arm ergometer

Answer 41

arm ergometer: - suitable for use in home or in center - workload can be adjusted (like leg ergometer) - grip cuffs used for quadra

Question 42

cardiovascular training may include locomotor training

Answer 42

locomotor training with crutches or body weight support (overhead harness) - can increase m strength and bone mineral density - can prevent pressure sores ( by increase in blood circulation)

Question 43

cardiovascular training may include wc propulsion using rollers

Answer 43

rollers are to wc users what treadmills are to ambulatory runners

Question 44

to prevent upper extremity overuse syndromes in wc users (3)

Answer 44

vary exercises from week to week strengthen m. of upper back and post shoulder (ext sh rotators) stretch m of ant sh and chest

Question 45

to prevent contractures and injuries

Answer 45

stretching exercises for lower and upper extremities

Question 46

chest stretch (hand clasped behind back)

Answer 46

clasp hands behind your back take a deep breath in exhale and roll your sh back as you stick out your chest and hold (20-30s) unclasp hands and relax

Question 47

shoulder retraction

Answer 47

take breath in exhale and bring shoulders back as far as you can squeezing sh blades inward

Question 48

triceps stretch

Answer 48

``` take deep breath in extend both arms above head reach down center of back with one arm exhale while pressing down slightly with opposite hand on elbow repeat on opposite side ```

Question 49

seated chest stretch in door way

Answer 49

place arm bent at 90° in doorway take deep breath in exhale while turning head to opposite side looking over that sh repeat w other arm looking over opposite sh

Question 50

what are some sport that have specific wc

Answer 50

tennis, basketball, rugby, racing and more

Question 51

common characteristics among sports chairs

Answer 51

no push handles dont fold wheel camber anti-tipping support (all but racing chair)

Question 52

basketball wc & rugby wc

Answer 52

``` fixed camber bars rollerblade casters anti-tipping support spoked wheels + quick release adjustable back and footplate height ```

Question 53

unique to rugby wc

Answer 53

front bumper and wings

Question 54

racing wc

Answer 54

2000 to 5000 camber of 11-15° (higher range is more stable) tubular tires; integral tube and tire combined hand ring mounted onto the rear wheel for propulsion fenders provide protection for torso and arms from road debris and the rear wheel steering; allows the athlete to maneuver the front wheel during sharp turns frame: base of chair, usually made of aluminium cage: seating area built according to body dimensions

Question 55

short propulsion thrusts in what activities

Answer 55

ADL, basketball, tennis, most sports except for racing

Question 56

short propulsion steps

Answer 56

- athlete pushes forward and downwards while moving trunk forward - handrims are released and trunk returns to its upright position

Question 57

long duration circular propulsion thrust in what sports

Answer 57

track and marathon racing

Question 58

long duration circular propulsion thrust steps

Answer 58

- athlete maintains hands in contact with the handrims through 3/4 of a circle applying force the entire time; grip on handrims is never released - flexed position at the trunk - sh extension provides the final propulsive thrust

Question 59

wc basketball rules

Answer 59

``` 5 players/team net 10 feet 3 sec in key dribble, shoot or pass after 2 pushes no double dribble rule raise butt off chair = technical foul open to able-bodied (no major competitions) ```

Question 60

what is harder in wc basket vs normal

Answer 60

dribbling, throwing

Question 61

to be elligible to play wc basket an athlete must have ...

Answer 61

a permanent physical disability in the lower limbs that prevents him or her from running, jumping and pivoting as an able-bodied player

Question 62

player classification is ...

Answer 62

not based on medical diagnosis but on observed trunk mvt and stability during actual basketball competition

Question 63

players are assigned on a point value from...

Answer 63

1.5 thru 4.5 according to their level of physical function. these points are then added together with a team not permitted to exceed 14 pts for the five players on court at any given time. this ensures that any player, regardless of degree of disability, has an integral role to play within the team structure.

Question 64

wc basket is mainly played by players w ___. which condition comes second?

Answer 64

SCI | amputation

Question 65

adapted tennis rules

Answer 65

``` individuals or pairs ball may bounce once or twice, with the first bounce in the opponents court scoring is the same played by people with para and quadra created in 1976 in usa more than 6000 players worldwide ```

Question 66

adapted rugby

Answer 66

objective: score pts by carrying the ball to the opponent's goal line (in wc) very fast, contact team sport played with volleyball played with hands or forearms must dribble or pass at least once every 10 s goal scored when player touches the goal line w 2 wheels there are a number or violations: charging, interference, etc.