traumatic brain injury

Question 1

can a concussion be considered a tbi

Answer 1

yes its a mild tbi

Question 2

what is a tbi

Answer 2

physical injury to brain tissue that temporarily or permanently impairs brain function

Question 3

what is tbi caused by

Answer 3

external mechanical forces

Question 4

what kind of forces can cause tbi and what pourcentages for each

Answer 4

• penetrating head injury (25% of tbi): direct blow to the head by blunt or penetrating object
• Closed head injury (75% of tbi): indirect forces such as inertia during a motor vehicle accident, where rapid mvt of the head causes back and forth mvt of the brain inside the skull (the injury comes from the brain rattling in the skull)

Question 5

tbi are classified based on what

Answer 5

severity (mild, moderate, severe) and the MOI (closed or penetrating head injury)

Question 6

depending on severity of the injury, tbi can affect numerous aspects such as (5)

Answer 6

physical capability (paralysis is possible), cognitive ability (concentration, memory, etc), emotional state (mood swings), social interactions (personality can change drastically) and behaviour

Question 7

after tbi, there is an increased risk of what diseases (3)

Answer 7

increased risk of epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease

Question 8

can the side of the lesion predict the type of impairments and disabilities following tbi

Answer 8

yes, speech is on the left side

Question 9

Penetrating head injury definition

Answer 9

injury where brain tissue is damaged by an object such as a knife, a bullet, or bone fragments that has pierced the skull and dura mater

Question 10

closed head injury definition

Answer 10

injury in which the skull and dura mater are not breached

Question 11

Tbi damage can also be described as ___ and ___

Answer 11

• focal: injury confined to a specific area of the brain causing localized damage
• diffuse: injury is characterized by damage throughout the brain

Question 12

causes of tbi

Answer 12

hematoma
hemorrhage
diffuse axonal injury
contusions

Question 13

hematoma definition

Answer 13

Collection of blood outside of blood vessels. Bleeding can occur outside the brain (subdural) or within the brain tissue itself (intracerebral)

Question 14

hemorrhage definiton

Answer 14

Bleeding directly into brain tissue

Question 15

diffuse axonal injury definition

Answer 15

results from a tearing of nerve bundles and/or stretching of blood vessels (extreme shearing forces)

Question 16

contusions definition

Answer 16

bruises that cause swelling and bleeding resulting in tissue damage

Question 17

what happens during a TBI

Answer 17

• n. fibers within specific areas of the brain are severed

- n. fibers are stretched which results in inefficient and slowed functioning

Question 18

diff btw coup and contre-coup

Answer 18

coup: brain injury at the point of impact (primary impact)

contre-coup: brain injury is opposite to the point of impact (secondary impact)

Question 19

what are the 2 different types of coup-contre coup

Answer 19

head makes contact with the object

object makes contact with the head

Question 20

what can an injury to the occipital lobe may lead to what

Answer 20

loss of vision

Question 21

Hemineglect syndrome (R parietal lobe damage) what does it do

Answer 21

L side of world doesn’t exist for that person

A neglect patient may ignore people who approach from the left, leave food untouched on the left side of the plate, or even forget to put clothes on the left side of his body. If the symptoms extend to visual tasks, and the patient is asked to draw a picture, for example, everything on the left side of the drawing is ignored.

Question 22

Degrees of severity

Answer 22

• confusion
• coma
• cerebral death

Question 23

confusion definition

Answer 23

1. confusion (a clouding of consciousness):
   - thinking process is decreased
   - inattention, disorientation
   - speech is affected

Question 24

coma definition

Answer 24

Coma(cannot be aroused by strong sensory stimuli):

• can affect IQ
• decreased metabolic activity of the brain (not like sleep)
• lead to amnesia

Question 25

cerebral death definition

Answer 25

``` Cerebral death(the body is alive but not the brain): -the brain is no longer able to regulate body function ```

Question 26

types of tbi symptoms

Answer 26

``` medical physical senses thoughts and communication behaviour and personality ```

Question 27

tbi symptoms medical (5)

Answer 27

headaches, risk of seizures, changes in appetite, fatigue-both mental and physical

Question 28

tbi symptoms physical (4)

Answer 28

balance issue, lack of coordination, muscle weakness or paralysis, muscle rigidity/spasticity

Question 29

tbi symptoms senses (5)

Answer 29

over-sensitivity, vision problems, sensitivity to noise, changes to sense of smell and taste, single-sided neglect

Question 30

tbi symptoms thoughts and communication (2)

Answer 30

can affect organization of thoughts or ability to find words and communicate clearly

Question 31

tbi symptoms behaviour and personality (8)

Answer 31

irritability or mood swings, depression, anxiety, agitation, impaired judgment, lack of insight or awareness of problems, trouble sleeping

Question 32

what is the difference btw effects of tbi and stroke on body functions

Answer 32

brain damage after tbi is more widespread than stroke

Question 33

can you exercise after a tbi

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

can the recovery process occur for more than 2 years post tbi

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

is there a relation btw length of coma and level of motor severity?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

recovery of motor function following tbi

Answer 36

1- recovery process more than 2 years | 2. the longer the coma=the greater the motor severity