Spinal Final Exam Quiz Questions

Question 0

What will branchial efferent fibers from the cranial root of cranial nerve XI innervate? 143.6

Answer 0

intrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx

Question 1

The cranial root of the eleventh cranial nerve is annexed by which nerve? 143.4

Answer 1

the vagus nerve

Question 2

What location gives rise to the spinal root of the eleventh cranial nerve? 143.7

Answer 2

spinal nucleus formed from the ventral horn of spinal cord levels C1-C5

Question 3

What is unique about the eleventh cranial nerve? 143.8

Answer 3

it it the only cranial nerve to originate, in part, from the spinal cord and it is the only cranial nerve to be associated with the foramen magnum

Question 4

What will branchial efferent fibers in the spinal root of cranial nerve XI innervate? 143.9

Answer 4

sternocleidomastoideus and trapezius muscles

Question 5

Branches of the twelfth cranial nerve provide somatic efferent innervation to which extrinsic muscles of the tongue? 144.7

Answer 5

genioglossus muscle, styloglossus muscle, and hyoglossus muscles

Question 6

Recurrent meningeal branches from the twelfth cranial nerve will arise from what area of the cranial vault? 144.8

Answer 6

dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa

Question 7

Peripheral processes from sensory receptors in the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa will be conveyed from the twelfth cranial nerve to what nerve? 144.9

Answer 7

the ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve

Question 8

Peripheral processes associated with the twelfth cranial nerve arise from pseudounipolar afferent neurons at what location? 144.10

Answer 8

the dorsal root ganglion of C1

Question 9

Central processes from pseudounipolar afferent neurons associated with the twelfth cranial nerve synapse at what location? 144.11

Answer 9

the dorsal horn of C1

Question 10

What is the morphological classification of afferent neurons in the dorsal nerve root ganglion? 147.3

Answer 10

pseudounipolar neuron

Question 11

What is the morphological classification of motor neurons? 148.16

Answer 11

multipolar neuron

Question 12

What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve? 148.5

Answer 12

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

Question 13

What part of an afferent neuron is conveyed in the dorsal nerve root? 150.14

Answer 13

central sensory process

Question 14

What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve system? 152.8

Answer 14

sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

Question 15

What is the function of the enteric nerve system? 152.10

Answer 15

control of motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions, microcirculation and regulation of the immune and inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 16

What are locations for neurons of the enteric nerve system? 152.12

Answer 16

the myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal plexus of Meissner

Question 17

What is the presumed role of the interstitial cell of Cajal? 153.17

Answer 17

they act as pacemakers for the slow wave, continuous peristaltic activity of the gut

Question 18

What function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach? 153.19

Answer 18

peristaltic activity along the gastrointestinal tract

Question 19

What function is primarily emphasized for the submucosal plexus of Meissner? 153. 24

Answer 19

influence on the process of secretion/absorption of the gut

Question 20

Other than ganglia or plexuses, in what additional location will neural crest cells associated with the sympathetic division be located? 154.13

Answer 20

adrenal medulla

Question 21

How many paravertebral ganglia are present in the adult? 155.4

Answer 21

21 pair or 42 paravertebral ganglia

Question 22

The superior cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia? 155.12

Answer 22

C1-C4 paravertebral ganglia

Question 23

The stellate ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia? 156.23

Answer 23

C7, C8, T1 paravertebral ganglia

Question 24

Which paravertebral ganglia fuse to form the ganglion impar? 156.30

Answer 24

both sacrococcygeal ganglia fuse in the midline, S5 and Co1 paravertebral ganglia on both sides fuse in the midline

Question 25

What are the names of the most consistent prevertebral ganglia? 157.4

Answer 25

celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 26

Which of the prevertebral nerve plexuses are more likely to contain secondary sympathetic neuron cell bodies? 157.7

Answer 26

cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, celiac plexus and inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus

Question 27

Based on the target cell innervated, what are the classifications given to postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers? 157.2

Answer 27

vasomotor fiber, pilomotor fiber, sudomotor fiber and secretomotor fibers

Question 28

Which paravertebral ganglia give rise to pelvic splanchnic nerves? 161.23

Answer 28

none... these are parasympathetic efferent nerves

Question 29

What rami will communicate with the paravertebral ganglia? 161.25

Answer 29

white rami communicans, gray rami communicans, interganglionic rami communicans and splanchnic nerves

Question 30

What is the termination of the horizontal sympathetic neuronal pathway? 161.1

Answer 30

smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the parietal wall of the thorax and upper abdomen; territory roughly corresponding to the T1-T12, L1-L2 dermatomes

Question 31

What is the termination of the ascending sympathetic neuronal pathway? 162.1

Answer 31

smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the head, neck, and upper extremity

Question 32

In the descending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber? 163.3

Answer 32

in a paravertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin

Question 33

In the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber? 164.3

Answer 33

in a prevertebral ganglion or prevertebral plexus

Question 34

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery? 165.2

Answer 34

inferior cervical ganglion

Question 35

Postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will become incorporated in what neuronal structure in the pathway to the eye? 165.7

Answer 35

internal carotid artery nerve plexus

Question 36

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the head? 166.26

Answer 36

superior cervical ganglion

Question 37

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart? 166.28

Answer 37

(1) paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-T4, T5 (2) any cervical paravertebral ganglion (3) the cardiac plexus

Question 38

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway? 167.38

Answer 38

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 39

Which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers? 168.11

Answer 39

nervi erigentes or pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 40

What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery? 170.21

Answer 40

the artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior

Question 41

What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz? 170.27

Answer 41

it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement

Question 42

What will the intervertebral veins drain into? 171.45

Answer 42

the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus

Question 43

What is the unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column? 171.46

Answer 43

they lack valves

Question 44

What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics? 172.7

Answer 44

the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases

Question 45

What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve? 172.9

Answer 45

the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar & the vertebral artery

Question 46

What forms the lumbosacral tunnel? 173.19

Answer 46

the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala

Question 47

What condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve? 173.20

Answer 47

the far out syndrome

Question 48

What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body? 173.28

Answer 48

tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis

Question 49

What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class? 173.31

Answer 49

obesity, pregnancy and the use of backpacks

Question 50

What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus? 176.1

Answer 50

it lacks any lamellar or layered organization

Question 51

What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae? 177.13

Answer 51

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral-counterspiral organization is observed

Question 52

What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration? 178.10

Answer 52

changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate

Question 53

What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc? 179.8

Answer 53

the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve), fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans

Question 54

What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc? 180.23

Answer 54

the paradiscal ramus communicans

Question 55

What does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become? 182.10

Answer 55

the perichordal disc

Question 56

What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc? 183.18

Answer 56

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner

Question 57

What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as? 184.11

Answer 57

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH

Question 58

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine? 185.15

Answer 58

a loss of hand and finger dexterity

Question 59

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology? 186.11

Answer 59

it is a yellow elastic ligament

Question 60

What is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae? 188.5

Answer 60

The funicular layer or part

Question 61

What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine? 190.7

Answer 61

A membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen.

Question 62

What is ADI? 193.17

Answer 62

the Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

Question 63

What is the ADI of children? 193.19

Answer 63

about 4.5 mm

Question 64

What are the attachment sites for the accessory ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint? 194.24

Answer 64

the base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament of atlas

Question 65

What are the degrees of one side axial rotation facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint? 195.42

Answer 65

about 40 degrees one side axial rotation

Question 66

The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation? 195.45

Answer 66

about 60%

Question 67

What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament? 195.4

Answer 67

the notochord

Question 68

What are the attachment sites for the anterior atlanto-dental ligament? 196.11

Answer 68

the alar ligament and ipsilateral lateral mass of C1

Question 69

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane? 196.21

Answer 69

the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

Question 70

Which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion? 200.44

Answer 70

T11/T12 and T12/L1

Question 71

Which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions? 201.14

Answer 71

the superior iliolumbar ligament

Question 72

Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion? 202.23

Answer 72

L5/S1

Question 73

List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal. 203.8

Answer 73

the membrana tectoria, posterior longitudinal ligament and the deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 74

What is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of? 204.5

Answer 74

articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage

Question 75

What does ankylosis mean? 205.13

Answer 75

a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

Question 76

What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament? 206.28

Answer 76

dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves

Question 77

Which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint? 207.13

Answer 77

the intra-articular ligament

Question 78

What is the classification of the sixth through the ninth interchondral joints? 208.25

Answer 78

diarthrosis arthrodia

Question 79

What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size? 211.40

Answer 79

the nasion, vertex, inion, and gnathion

Question 80

What is unique about the ophthalmic artery and vein? 214.27

Answer 80

unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure

Question 81

What are the contents of the foramen spinosum? 214.38

Answer 81

the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery

Question 82

What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa? 216.3

Answer 82

the tentorium cerebelli

Question 83

What can the five layers of the scalp spell? 220.2

Answer 83

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective tissue, Periosteum..SCALP

Question 84

What are the major constituents of the five layers of the scalp? 220.3

Answer 84

skin, neurovascular, muscular, loose connective tissue, periosteum

Question 85

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone? 222.9

Answer 85

orbicularis oris, procerus & risorius

Question 86

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit? 224.13

Answer 86

lamina papyracea

Question 87

Identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit. 224.27

Answer 87

superior wall: optic canal medial wall: anterior ethmoid & posterior ethmoid foramina lateral wall: superior orbital fissure inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure

Question 88

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra? 225.10

Answer 88

tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland

Question 89

What are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball? 229.36

Answer 89

iris, ciliary body, choroid & pupil

Question 90

What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball? 230.49

Answer 90

aqueous humor

Question 91

What fills the vitreous chamber? 231.57

Answer 91

vitreous body

Question 92

What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles? 231.61

Answer 92

both insert onto the sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the equator

Question 93

What is the common characteristic concerning the insertion of the superior and inferior rectus extraocular muscles? 231.62

Answer 93

they insert onto the sclera of the eyeball in front of the equator and are displaced slightly medially

Question 94

What is the name of the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of the auricle? 235.28

Answer 94

ponticulus

Question 95

What part of the external acoustic meatus is protected by bone? 236.44

Answer 95

the medial two thirds

Question 96

What branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it? 237.22

Answer 96

the chorda tympani nerve

Question 97

Describe the result of sympathetic innervation in the parotid gland. 238.30

Answer 97

vasoconstriction of arteries reduces available water to form saliva and results in a thick, mucous-like product

Question 98

What action will parasympathetic innervation have on the parotid gland? 238.34

Answer 98

vasodilation of arteries resulting in a thinner, watery, or whey-like saliva

Question 99

The otic ganglion will be located in what region of the head? 240.14

Answer 99

the infratemporal region

Question 100

Where are the attachment sites of the lateral/temporomandibular ligament?

Answer 100

zygomatic process and articular tubercle of the temporal bone to neck of the mandible

Question 101

What are the attachment sites of the stylomandibular ligament? 242.6

Answer 101

styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle of the mandible

Question 102

What are the attachment sites of the sphenomandibular ligament? 242.8

Answer 102

the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingual of the mandible