Spinal II Test II Quiz Questions Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1? 17.5
A
longus colli
2
Q
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1? 17.10
A
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
3
Q
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1? 18.14
A
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
4
Q
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1? 18.16
A
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
5
Q
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1? 18.17
A
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
6
Q
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender? 18.20
A
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters
7
Q
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1? 18.21
A
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
8
Q
With regard to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification and general percent in the population? 18.25
A
male, accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, fifteen percent;
female, accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, twenty-six percent
9
Q
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1? 19.32
A
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
10
Q
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1? 19.34
A
males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
11
Q
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender? 19.36
A
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
12
Q
What joint classifications are observed at C1? 19.37
A
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis ellipsoidal, diarthrosis trochoid, diarthrosis arthrodia
13
Q
What are names given to C2? 19.1
A
axis or epistropheus
14
Q
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2? 20.12
A
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis trochoid, modified diarthrosis sellar and amphiarthrosis symphysis
15
Q
What attaches to the lamina of C2? 20.19
A
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
16
Q
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1? 17.13
A
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
17
Q
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior? 20.7
A
kyphotic dens
18
Q
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2? 20.15
A
membrana tectoria
19
Q
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2? 20.23
A
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
20
Q
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2? 21.30
A
males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters
21
Q
What name is given only to C7? 21.3
A
vertebra prominens
22
Q
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence? 22.5
A
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
23
Q
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7? 22.8
A
eight
24
Q
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7? 22.15
A
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
25
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7? 22.18
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
26
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7? 22.21
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
27
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger? 23.2
left vertebral artery
28
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery? 23.3
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
29
What is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency? 23.4
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
30
Which side artery is tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam? 23.5
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
31
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop? 23.9
the atlanto-axial interspace
32
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen? 23.11
both C1 and C2
33
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput? 23.12
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
34
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1? 23.14
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
35
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries? 23.15
the basilar artery
36
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal? 24.9
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occiptal ligament
37
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal? 24.10
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
38
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal? 24.13
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
39
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups? 25.3
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
40
What is the aortic impression? 25.11
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
41
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine? 25.15
the vertebral body height differences
42
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic? 26.19
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis symphysis and diarthrosis arthrodia
43
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic? 26.23
four
44
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic? 26.26
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
45
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib? 26.27
costocentral joint
46
What ligaments support the costocentral joint? 27.34
the radiate costocentral or stellate costocentral ligament and the interarticular or intra-articular ligament
47
What does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to? 27.37
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc
48
Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic? 27.42
the lateral view
49
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic? 28.59
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
50
The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib? 29.61
the fifth rib
51
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic? 29.68
the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
52
How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process? 29.73
At T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra.
At T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of the vertebra
53
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic? 30.78
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
54
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics? 31.94
T5-T8
55
What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region? 31.97
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
56
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic? 31.105
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
57
What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back? 32.110
layer one consists of the trapezius and latissimus dorsi
layer two consists of the rhomboids and levator scapulae
layer three consists of the serratus posterior
layer four consists of the erector spinae
layer five consists of the transversospinalis
58
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1? 34.16
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
59
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1? 36.40
the superior costotransverse ligament
60
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1? 36.41
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse
61
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment? 46.33
T10
62
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment? 48.69
T10
63
What name is given to T11? 50.2
the anticlinal vertebra
64
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12? 58.31
psoas major and psoas minor
65
What ligament(s) are said to attach to the transverse process of T12? 58.47
the intertransverse ligament
66
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12? 59.59
they face forward, downward, and lateral
67
How many synovial joints are typically present at T12? 59.63
six
68
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12? 60.74
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
69
Which erector spinae muscle is unique in it's attachment to the T12 spinous process? 60.78
iliocostalis lumborum
70
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve? 63.7
the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior hieght
71
What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body? 64.21
psoas major and psoas minor
72
What is the name given to ligaments which attach vertebral body to articular process? 64.25
transforaminal ligaments
73
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process? 65.30
corporotransverse ligaments
74
What is the proposed function of the Hofmann ligaments in the cervical-upper thoracic region? 65.39
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
75
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments? 65.41
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
76
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region? 67.59
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes;
| overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
77
A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition? 67.70
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
78
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accesory ligament? 68.75
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
79
What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process? 68.77
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
80
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position? 70.109
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
81
What is the name(s) of the condition when the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?70.114
Baastrup's syndrome or "kissing spines"
82
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra? 75.63
the lumbosacral, iliolumbar, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
83
What names are given to the condition in which the right zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in a plane or position different from the left zygapophysis? 76.87
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
84
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain? 77.95
Knife Clasp Syndrome
85
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals? 79.12
fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
86
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis? 79.17
men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5
87
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view? 80.26
a collared Scotty dog
88
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis? 80.30
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
89
What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis? 81.44
the native Alaskan (Inuit) male at the S1 level
90
Identify all names given to type I spondylolisthesis? 81.6
dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis
91
What gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis? 82.20
isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
92
What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis? 83.28
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
93
What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis? 83.35
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
94
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest? 87.60
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
95
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest: 87.67
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5
96
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity? 87.69
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
97
What forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen? 89.6
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, intercornual ligament
98
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal? 90.12
the union of the superficial dorsal and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments
99
Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be orientated backward, upward, and medial? 91.16
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
100
Superior articular facets of which segments will be orientated backward, upward, and lateral? 91.18
C2, T1-T12
101
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be orientated forward, lateral, and downward? 91.20
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
102
What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1? 92.8
atlas assimilation
103
What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2? 92.12
the subdental synchondrosis
104
What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and the centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7? 93.16
os odontoideum
105
What is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification? 93.19
tip of the dens synchondrosis
106
If the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called? 93.24
terminal ossicle
107
What is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7? 93.29
from one-half to two and one-half percent of the population
108
What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7? 94.32
female
109
What C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization? 94.39
the inferior articular facet may change from forward, medial, and downward to forward, lateral, and downward; the superior articular facet in unchanged
110
What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1? 94.45
males are two to three times more affected
111
What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization? 95.47
the superior articular facet may change from flat, back, upward, and lateral to concave, back, upward, and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
112
What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1? 95.49
the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
113
Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine? 95.56
L5
114
What development events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve? 96.14
centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
muscular attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
the head is held upright
the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
115
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the erect? 96.16
the righting reflex
116
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve? 97.23
crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
117
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness? 97.32
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
118
What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class? 98.12
military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback
119
What are the curve classifications for military neck? 99.26
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
120
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society? 100.32
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural
121
What does idiopathic scoliosis infer? 100.42
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology
122
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis. 100.48
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
123
Identify the direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. 100.49
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12%-21% incidence
124
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. 101.50
right thoracic or left thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
125
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening? 101.52
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
126
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion? 103.45
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
127
What is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7? 93.29
from one-half to two and one-half percent of the population
128
What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7? 94.32
female
129
What C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization? 94.39
the inferior articular facet may change from forward, medial, and downward to forward, lateral, and downward; the superior articular facet in unchanged
130
What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1? 94.45
males are two to three times more affected
131
What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization? 95.47
the superior articular facet may change from flat, back, upward, and lateral to concave, back, upward, and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
132
What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1? 95.49
the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
133
Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine? 95.56
L5
134
What development events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve? 96.14
centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
muscular attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
the head is held upright
the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
135
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the erect? 96.16
the righting reflex
136
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve? 97.23
crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
137
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness? 97.32
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
138
What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class? 98.12
military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback
139
What are the curve classifications for military neck? 99.26
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
140
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society? 100.32
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural
141
What does idiopathic scoliosis infer? 100.42
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology
142
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis. 100.48
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
143
Identify the direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. 100.49
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12%-21% incidence
144
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. 101.50
right thoracic or left thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
145
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening? 101.52
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
146
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion? 103.45
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
147
What is the vertebral column origin for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum? 105.66
Accessory process and medial part of the transverse process of L1-L5
148
Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles? 106.96
Semispinalis, multifidis and rotators
149
The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle? 107.114
Biventer cervicis
150
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine? 108.124
Multifidis
151
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination? 109.136
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum
152
What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group? 111.170
Postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
153
Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves? 112.201
Intertransversarii
154
Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii? 113.203
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
155
Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament? 114.232
Quadratus lumborum
156
Identify all muscle groups innervated by dorsal rami branch patterns. 116.260
Splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital, interspinalis, levator costarum and intertransversarii
157
What is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7? 93.29
from one-half to two and one-half percent of the population
158
What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7? 94.32
female
159
What C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization? 94.39
the inferior articular facet may change from forward, medial, and downward to forward, lateral, and downward; the superior articular facet in unchanged
160
What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1? 94.45
males are two to three times more affected
161
What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization? 95.47
the superior articular facet may change from flat, back, upward, and lateral to concave, back, upward, and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
162
What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1? 95.49
the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
163
Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine? 95.56
L5
164
What development events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve? 96.14
centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
the head is held upright
the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
165
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect? 96.16
the righting reflex
166
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve? 97.23
crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
167
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness? 97.32
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
168
What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class? 98.12
military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback
169
What are the curve classifications for military neck? 99.26
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
170
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society? 100.32
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural
171
What does idiopathic scoliosis infer? 100.42
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology
172
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis. 100.48
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
173
Identify the direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. 100.49
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12%-21% incidence
174
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. 101.50
right thoracic or left thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
175
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening? 101.52
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
176
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion? 103.45
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
177
What is the vertebral column origin for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum? 105.66
Accessory process and medial part of the transverse process of L1-L5
178
Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles? 106.96
Semispinalis, multifidis and rotators
179
The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle? 107.114
Biventer cervicis
180
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine? 108.124
Multifidis
181
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination? 109.136
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum
182
What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group? 111.170
Postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
183
Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves? 112.201
Intertransversarii
184
Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii? 113.203
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
185
Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament? 114.232
Quadratus lumborum
186
Identify all muscle groups innervated by dorsal rami branch patterns. 116.260
Splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital, interspinalis, levator costarum and intertransversarii
