CMS Advanced Level 2025-2026 > Spirits > Flashcards

Spirits Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary difference between a spirit and fermented beverages like wine or beer?

A

A spirit is the product of a distillation of a fermented beverage, while wine and beer are fermented beverages.

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2
Q

At what temperature does ethyl alcohol boil at sea level?

A

Approximately 173 degrees Fahrenheit (78 degrees Celsius).

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3
Q

What is the principle behind fractional distillation?

A

The separation of two liquids with different boiling points.

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4
Q

Which ancient civilization first used fractional distillation to make perfumes?

A

Ancient Babylonians.

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5
Q

Who was the first to note that condensed boiled seawater was not salty?

A

Aristotle.

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6
Q

Name some ancient cultures that were aware of distillation properties.

A
  • Egyptians
  • Romans
  • Greeks
  • Chinese
  • Indians
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7
Q

Who is credited with the history of modern distillation?

A

Jäbir ibn Hayyan, an eighth-century Arabic chemist-alchemist.

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8
Q

What is the name of the early distillation device developed by Jäbir ibn Hayyan?

A

Alembic still.

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9
Q

What does the term ‘alcohol’ derive from?

A

The Arabic al-koh’l, a cosmetic powder purified through distillation.

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10
Q

What two types of stills are commonly used in modern spirits distillation?

A
  • Pot still
  • Continuous still
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11
Q

What is the process involved in a pot still?

A

Fermented liquor is heated in a closed vessel, vaporizing ethyl alcohol, water, and congeners.

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12
Q

What are foreshots in the distillation process?

A

The first vapors to condense, which contain toxic congeners such as methanol.

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13
Q

What are tails in distillation?

A

Unwanted congeners that collect in the distillate residue and must be discarded.

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14
Q

What is the main advantage of a continuous still over a pot still?

A

It produces a cleaner spirit with a higher alcohol content by using steam instead of direct heat.

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15
Q

What are the two columns in a continuous still called?

A
  • Analyzer
  • Rectifier
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16
Q

True or False: Congeners are solely responsible for impurities in distilled spirits.

A

False.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The continuous still sacrifices _______ for a clean spirit.

A

distinction

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18
Q

What color are all spirits after distillation?

A

Colorless

All spirits are colorless immediately after distillation.

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19
Q

How do brown spirits, such as brandy and Scotch whisky, gain color?

A

Aging in oak casks

The aging process in oak casks contributes to the color and character of brown spirits.

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20
Q

Do bottled spirits continue to develop after bottling?

A

No

Unlike wine, bottled spirits do not continue to develop once they are sealed.

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21
Q

What are the two main methods of flavoring spirits?

A

Maceration and infusion

Maceration is a slower, cold method, while infusion is a quicker, hot method.

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22
Q

What is the difference between maceration and infusion?

A

Maceration is a slower, cold method; infusion is a quicker, hot method

Both methods involve steeping a flavoring agent in alcohol.

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23
Q

What does the percolation method resemble?

A

Coffee brewing

In percolation, the base spirit is pumped through the flavoring material.

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24
Q

What may lower-quality flavored spirits contain?

A

Artificial flavor and color additives

Such additives can compromise the quality of flavored spirits.

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25
How did Britain calculate the alcoholic strength of liquor until 1980?
Based on proof: the ability of gunpowder to combust when doused in the spirit ## Footnote This method was replaced by more standardized measurements.
26
What is the current standard for stating alcoholic content in the EU and US?
Percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV) at 20 degrees Celsius ## Footnote This standardized method applies to all alcoholic beverages.
27
What is the American proof equivalent to?
Twice the percentage of alcohol by volume ## Footnote American proof can be listed on the label, but it is not legally required.
28
What is the typical ABV range for liqueurs?
15% to 30% ## Footnote Liqueurs generally fall within this range of alcoholic strength.
29
What is the ABV range for spirits like vodka and gin?
40% to 50% ## Footnote These spirits typically have a higher alcoholic strength.
30
What is unique about cask-strength whiskies?
They can reach over 60% ABV ## Footnote Cask-strength whiskies are not diluted with water before bottling.
31
What is vodka?
A neutral, clear liquor and one of the world's most popular spirits.
32
What is the origin of the word 'vodka'?
Derived from the Russian word for 'water'.
33
What are common bases for vodka production?
* Potatoes * Rye * Grapes * Beets * Molasses
34
How is vodka typically distilled?
In a continuous still and filtered with charcoal.
35
What is the significance of repeated distillations in vodka production?
It results in a stronger and purer spirit, potentially reducing hangover risk.
36
What is the minimum ABV for vodka in the EU?
37.5%.
37
What must EU vodka labels state if made from non-potato or grain bases?
The products used in fermentation.
38
Name a quality Russian vodka producer.
* Stolichnaya * Ikon
39
What is the best-selling premium vodka in the US?
Grey Goose.
40
What is Tito's Handmade vodka made from?
100% corn.
41
Name a popular flavored vodka brand.
* Ketel One * Smirnoff
42
What is aquavit?
A clear spirit made from fermented potato or grain, flavored with caraway root and other aromatics.
43
What is the main component used to flavor gin?
Juniper berries.
44
What defines London dry gin?
A method of production rather than geographical origin.
45
What are common botanicals found in London dry gin?
* Juniper berries * Orange peel * Lemon peel * Anise * Cardamom * Coriander * Nutmeg * Angelica root
46
Name a popular London dry gin.
* Beefeater * Tanqueray * Bombay Sapphire * Gordon's * Boodles
47
Fill in the blank: Vodka is traditionally produced in _______ and _______.
[Poland] and [Russia]
48
True or False: Shochu is filtered through charcoal.
False.
49
Who developed the first crude gin and what was it known as?
Sylvius de Bouve developed the first crude gin known as genever (jenever) ## Footnote This development occurred in the 16th century in Holland.
50
What are the dominant aromatics in genever?
Juniper and malt ## Footnote Genever is sweeter but less alcoholic than London dry gin.
51
What percentage of malt wine is required in the traditional genever recipe?
A minimum of 15% ## Footnote This distillate is made from corn, rye, and wheat.
52
What are the two styles of genever and how are they differentiated?
Oude (old) and jonge (young) ## Footnote Oude has more malt wine, while jonge has less.
53
What is corenwyn?
A cask-aged version of genever where malt wine composes at least 51% of the distillate ## Footnote It is also known as corn wine.
54
What is unique about Plymouth gin?
It is produced only by Plymouth, Coates and Co., in England and is fuller in body than London dry gin ## Footnote Plymouth gin was revived in 1996.
55
What cocktail is Plymouth gin considered the proper gin for?
Pink Gin ## Footnote Plymouth gin is known for its aromatic qualities.
56
What characterizes Old Tom gin?
It is lightly sweetened ## Footnote Old Tom gin is rarely encountered today but was popular in the past.
57
What historical significance does the name 'Old Tom' have?
It referred to a wooden plaque shaped like a black cat used to dispense gin ## Footnote 'Old Tom' was 19th-century slang for a black cat.
58
What classic cocktails is Old Tom gin associated with?
Tom Collins and Martinez ## Footnote The Martinez is possibly a precursor to the martini.
59
What distinguishes the gin martini from the vodka martini?
The gin martini is the original, while the vodka martini is a later adaptation ## Footnote The gin martini remains a famous and sophisticated cocktail.
60
Fill in the blank: Genever is still produced today and is made in a ______.
pot still ## Footnote This method contributes to its sweeter profile.
61
True or False: Genever is stronger than London dry gin.
False ## Footnote Genever is sweeter but less alcoholic than London dry gin.
62
What is the preferred spelling of whiskey when referring to Scotch?
Whisky
63
What grains are used in the production of whiskey?
Unmalted and malted barley, maize, rye, oats, and wheat
64
What does the term whiskey derive from?
The Gaelic uisgebeatha (water of life)
65
Who is legend attributed with the introduction of distillation in Ireland?
St. Patrick
66
When is the first written proof of whisky production in Scotland dated?
1494
67
What significant event regarding whiskey taxation occurred in 1791 in America?
An excise tax on whiskey was levied
68
What was the outcome of the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794?
George Washington invoked martial law and raised an army to suppress the protestors
69
What was a consequence of the Whiskey Rebellion?
Small whiskey producers moved into Native American territory
70
Who distilled Kentucky's first whiskey and in what year?
Rev. Elijah Craig in 1789
71
What is the minimum corn content required for bourbon whiskey?
51%
72
What type of barrels is bourbon whiskey aged in?
Charred new oak casks
73
What labeling is required for straight bourbon?
Aged for at least two years without added coloring or flavoring
74
What must distillers state if whiskey is aged for less than four years?
The length of aging on the bottle
75
Where is Bourbon County located?
Kentucky
76
Is bourbon whiskey legally required to be produced in Kentucky?
No, it may be produced anywhere in the US
77
What is the unique requirement for Tennessee whiskey according to state legislation passed in 2013?
It must be filtered with maple charcoal prior to aging
78
What is the minimum corn content for Tennessee whiskey?
51%
79
What is sour mash whiskey?
A style used by many bourbon distillers, incorporating a portion of spent mash into a newly fermenting mash
80
What is rye whiskey distilled from?
A minimum of 51% rye
81
How does rye whiskey compare to bourbon in terms of flavor?
Rye whiskies are more bitter and powerful than bourbon
82
What is the minimum corn content for corn whiskey?
80%
83
How can corn whiskey be aged?
Unaged or aged in used or uncharred new barrels
84
What type of wood is primarily used in aging Scotch whisky?
Used casks, typically bourbon and Sherry casks ## Footnote This contrasts with many American whiskies that use newly charred wood.
85
What is the primary source of combustible material for malting barley in Scotland?
Peat bogs ## Footnote Peat burning infuses malted barley with oily smoke, contributing to the whisky's character.
86
What is the dominant flavor characteristic imparted to Scotch whisky from the malting process?
Peatiness ## Footnote This is especially prominent in whiskies produced at coastal or island distilleries.
87
What are the five legal categories of Scotch whisky established by the 2009 Scotch Whisky Regulations?
* Single malt Scotch whisky * Single grain Scotch whisky * Blended malt Scotch whisky * Blended grain Scotch whisky * Blended Scotch whisky ## Footnote These categories define how the whisky is produced and the ingredients used.
88
What distinguishes single malt Scotch whisky?
Distilled from malted barley in a pot still at a single distillery ## Footnote It must also be bottled in Scotland after 2012.
89
What ingredients can be included in single grain whisky?
Unmalted barley and other grains such as wheat or corn ## Footnote It is produced at a single distillery.
90
How is blended malt Scotch whisky produced?
From a blend of malt whiskies ## Footnote This category is distinct from single malt whisky.
91
What is the minimum aging period for all Scotch whisky?
At least three years ## Footnote Single malt Scotch is generally aged for at least 10 years.
92
What is the minimum alcohol by volume (ABV) for Scotch whisky?
40% ABV ## Footnote This legal requirement affects the aging duration of the whisky.
93
Why can't most whiskies be aged longer than 30 or 32 years in barrel?
Evaporation (the angel's share) weakens the spirit ## Footnote This would result in failing to meet the legal minimum ABV.
94
What term was eradicated by the 2009 Scotch Whisky Regulations?
Pure malt ## Footnote It was a synonym for blended malt whiskies.
95
What type of Scotch whisky constitutes the majority of production?
Blended Scotch ## Footnote Many distilleries sell off their whisky for blending, retaining only a portion for single malt.
96
True or False: Single malt Scotch must be produced from multiple distilleries.
False ## Footnote It is produced at a single distillery.
97
What are the five regions of production in Scotland?
* Highland * Lowland * Speyside * Islay * Campbeltown ## Footnote Highland includes the isles of Mull, Jura, Skye, and Orkney
98
Which region is the largest in Scotland for whisky production?
Highland ## Footnote Notable distilleries include Oban, Glenmorangie, Dalwhinnie, and Dalmore
99
What characteristics define Lowland Scotch?
Lightest and least smoky, ideal as an aperitif ## Footnote Distilleries include Glenkinchie, Auchentoshan, and Bladnoch
100
Name three well-known distilleries located in Speyside.
* Glenlivet * Glenfiddich * Macallan ## Footnote Water source is the river Spey, and the whisky is generally mild and fruity
101
How many distilleries currently operate in Campbeltown?
Three ## Footnote The distilleries are Glen Scotia, Glengyle, and Springbank
102
What is a notable characteristic of the whisky produced in the Island distilleries?
Pronounced peatiness and toasted seaweed character ## Footnote Major Scotch-producing islands include Skye, Jura, Mull, Arran, and Orkney
103
Which distilleries are highly regarded on the Isle of Orkney and Isle of Skye?
* Highland Park (Orkney) * Talisker (Skye) ## Footnote Both are known for their quality Scotch whisky
104
Which distilleries produce the most peaty, smoky style of Scotch whisky?
* Ardbeg * Lagavulin * Laphroaig ## Footnote These distilleries are located on Islay
105
What is the wood-finished style in Scotch whisky production?
A style where whisky is transferred to a different cask for the last two or three years of aging ## Footnote This can include casks that previously held Port, Sherry, Madeira, Burgundy, or Sauternes
106
Which distilleries are pioneers of the wood-finished style?
* Glenmorangie * Balvenie ## Footnote They craft a softer, fruitier style of single malt
107
Which country has been distilling whiskey longer than anyone else?
Ireland ## Footnote Irish whiskey has historical precedence over Scotch whisky in distillation.
108
By the late 2000s, how many distilleries were active in Ireland?
Three distilleries ## Footnote The active distilleries included Old Bushmills, Cooley, and New Midleton.
109
What happened to the number of distilleries in Ireland by 2015?
Tripled ## Footnote Interest in the Irish whiskey industry revived significantly.
110
What tax did England enact in 1725 that affected distillation?
Tax on malting barley ## Footnote This tax made distillation more difficult to hide, prompting changes in production methods.
111
What was the Scottish response to the English tax on malting barley?
Heated their barley at night ## Footnote This method is considered the origin of moonshine.
112
How does Irish whiskey typically differ from Scotch whisky in terms of malt usage?
Uses a large proportion of unmalted barley ## Footnote This results in a lighter character for Irish whiskey.
113
What is the typical character of Irish whiskey compared to Scotch?
Lighter and less smoky ## Footnote Irish whiskey does not rely on peat for fires, contributing to its milder flavor.
114
How many times is Irish whiskey traditionally distilled?
Three times ## Footnote However, many producers now use a continuous still.
115
What is the minimum aging requirement for Irish whiskey?
Three years ## Footnote Most whiskies are aged for at least seven years in practice.
116
What type of whiskey is typically produced in Canada?
Canadian rye whiskies ## Footnote These are generally blended and must be aged for three years before sale.
117
Is there a legal requirement for Canadian rye whiskey to contain a high proportion of rye?
No ## Footnote Most Canadian rye whiskies do contain a high proportion of rye despite the absence of a legal requirement.
118
What style of whisky is produced at Glenora Distillery in Nova Scotia?
Malt whisky in the style of Scotch ## Footnote Glenora Distillery is located on Cape Breton Island.
119
Which Japanese producer is most famous for their whisky?
Suntory ## Footnote Suntory offers both blended and single malt whiskies.
120
What is brandy often compared to in terms of flavor?
Whiskey ## Footnote Brandy is often presented as a lighter-flavored counterpart to whiskey.
121
What are the primary aromas associated with premium brandy?
Delicate aromas of flowers, fruit, subtle oak, and spice ## Footnote These aromas are characteristic of high-quality brandy.
122
What is the source material for brandy?
Wine ## Footnote Unlike whiskey, which is distilled from fermented grains, brandy uses wine as its source material.
123
What does 'eau-de-vie' translate to in English?
Water of life ## Footnote In France, brandy is considered eau-de-vie of grapes.
124
Where did the concept of brandy originate according to a historical story?
From a 16th-century Dutch trader ## Footnote The trader conceived of brandy as a method of preserving wine's essence during voyages.
125
What is the Dutch word from which 'brandy' is derived?
Brandywijn ## Footnote The term means 'burnt wine' and refers to the method of preserving wine.
126
What was the trader's initial plan for the brandy upon his return?
To reconstitute the wine with water ## Footnote The trader intended to restore the wine to its original state.
127
How did the taste of brandy differ from the original wine according to the trader's compatriots?
They enjoyed the mellowed taste ## Footnote This preference contributed to the establishment of brandy as a popular spirit.
128
What is the EU definition of brandy?
A distillation of wine-not pomace-with a minimum ABV of 36% and a minimum oak aging period of six months ## Footnote This definition outlines the legal standards for brandy production in the EU.
129
In which regions is brandy notably produced today?
France, California, Spain, Germany, South America, and Eastern Europe ## Footnote These regions are recognized for their significant brandy production.
130
Which two regions in southwestern France are known for producing the world's best brandies?
Cognac and Armagnac ## Footnote These regions have a historical reputation for high-quality brandy production.
131
Which regions are primarily known for Cognac production?
France, California, Spain, Germany, South America, Eastern Europe ## Footnote Cognac is particularly noted in the southwestern region of France.
132
What are the two delimited regions of brandy production in southwestern France?
Cognac and Armagnac ## Footnote These regions have historically produced the world's best brandies.
133
When was the area of production for Cognac AOC first defined?
1909 ## Footnote The area was finalized in 1938.
134
List the six defined regions of Cognac production in descending order of quality.
* Grande Champagne * Petite Champagne * Borderies * Fins Bois * Bons Bois * Bois Ordinaires (Bois à Terroirs) ## Footnote These regions reflect the quality hierarchy in Cognac production.
135
What does 'Champagne' in Cognac indicate?
It reflects the etymological origin from the Latin word for 'plain' ## Footnote It indicates the similarity of the soil in Grande Champagne and Petite Champagne.
136
What type of soil is preferred for Cognac production?
Soft chalk ## Footnote Grande Champagne and Petite Champagne have a high percentage of soft chalk.
137
What grape variety accounts for nearly 98% of the vineyard acreage in Cognac?
Ugni Blanc (St. Emilion) ## Footnote Folle Blanche and Colombard are permitted but rare.
138
What is the alcohol by volume (ABV) percentage range of the first distillation called 'brouillis'?
28% to 32% ABV ## Footnote Brouillis is the initial distillate before the second distillation.
139
What are the four parts into which the second distillation (bonne chauffe) is divided?
* têtes (heads) * coeur (heart) * secondes (second cut) * queues (tails) ## Footnote The coeur is the portion that becomes Cognac.
140
What is the typical ABV of the colorless spirit that becomes Cognac after distillation?
Approximately 70% ABV ## Footnote This spirit is then aged in oak casks.
141
What are the traditional sources of oak casks used for aging Cognac?
Limousin and Tronçais forests ## Footnote These regions are known for producing quality oak.
142
What does the designation 'VS' on a Cognac label indicate?
At least 2 years in cask ## Footnote VS stands for Very Special.
143
What does the designation 'VSOP' represent in terms of aging?
At least 4 years in cask ## Footnote VSOP stands for Very Special, or Superior, Old Pale.
144
What age does the designation 'XO' currently indicate for Cognac?
At least 10 years in cask ## Footnote Many XO Cognacs are aged for at least 15 or 20 years.
145
What does 'Fine Champagne Cognac' consist of?
Wines produced entirely from Grande Champagne and Petite Champagne, with at least 50% from Grande Champagne ## Footnote This designation ensures quality in the blend.
146
True or False: Vintage Cognacs are common.
False ## Footnote While legal, vintage Cognacs are rare.
147
Cognac may be labeled under an individual region provided what condition is met?
100% of the eau-de-vie originated in the named area ## Footnote This ensures authenticity in labeling.
148
What are the three regions of production for Armagnac AOC?
Haut-Armagnac, Bas-Armagnac, Armagnac-Ténarèze ## Footnote These regions are located southeast of Bordeaux.
149
Which grape varieties are primarily used for producing Armagnac?
Ugni Blanc, Colombard, Folle Blanche, Baco Blanc ## Footnote Folle Blanche is called Picpoul locally but is distinct from Picpoul de Pinet.
150
How is Armagnac distilled?
Primarily in a copper continuous still, with some distilled in a Charentais pot still ## Footnote Approximately 95% of Armagnac undergoes only one distillation.
151
What distinguishes the continuous still used in Armagnac from the traditional pot still?
It produces a more flavorful, less pure, and less alcoholic spirit ## Footnote This still predates Aeneas Coffey's 1831 model.
152
What is Blanche Armagnac AOC?
A clear spirit bottled after three months in an inert container ## Footnote Achieved appellation status in 2005.
153
What does VS indicate in the grading system of Armagnac?
The youngest eau-de-vie in the blend was aged for at least two years in wood ## Footnote The system was simplified by the Bureau National Interprofessionnel de l'Armagnac (BNIA).
154
What aging periods do the terms VSOP and XO represent in Armagnac?
VSOP signifies 4 to 9 years of age, XO denotes at least 10 years in barrel ## Footnote All producers adopted these definitions by 2013.
155
What is the minimum alcohol by volume (ABV) for Armagnac?
40% ABV ## Footnote A mixture of distilled water and Armagnac (petites eaux) is added prior to bottling.
156
How do vintage bottlings of Armagnac differ from standard blends?
Vintage bottles highlight the distinction of a particular harvest ## Footnote They must be aged a minimum of 10 years in cask before release.
157
What are two prominent producers of Armagnac?
Larressingle, Château Laubade ## Footnote Château Laubade focuses on vintage releases.
158
True or False: Cognac and Armagnac are the only regions of brandy production in France.
False ## Footnote Other regions include Fine de Bordeaux, Fine de Bourgogne, and Fine de la Marne.
159
What is the protected designation for brandies produced in the region of Sherry?
Brandy de Jerez ## Footnote Aged in a similar solera method.
160
What grape varieties are used to produce Brandy de Jerez?
Airén, Palomino ## Footnote Distilled in copper stills (alquitaras).
161
What is the average aging period for Solera Reserva brandies?
1 year ## Footnote Solera Gran Reserva brandies age for an average of 3 years.
162
What type of brandies does the Italian producer Buton make?
Cognac-style brandies from Trebbiano ## Footnote Trebbiano is the Italian synonym for Ugni Blanc.
163
Fill in the blank: Pisco, a brandy produced in Chile and Peru, is not typically aged in _______.
wood ## Footnote Pisco is experiencing resurgent popularity in the US as the base of the pisco sour cocktail.
164
What is the significance of viticulture in relation to brandy production?
If viticulture is prevalent in an area, someone is likely distilling wine into brandy ## Footnote This reflects the connection between winemaking and brandy production.
165
What are pomace spirits produced from?
Pomace - the remnants left after pressing grapes ## Footnote Pomace spirits are not classified as brandies but share similar characteristics.
166
Name three examples of pomace spirits.
* Marc (France) * Grappa (Italy) * Bagaceira (Portugal) ## Footnote These spirits are derived from the remnants of grape pressing.
167
In which regions of France are the best examples of marc produced?
* Champagne * Alsace * Burgundy ## Footnote Marc is produced in most French wine regions.
168
What does the term 'Riserva' indicate when labeling grappa?
Wood-aged examples of grappa ## Footnote Other labels for wood-aged grappa include Stravecchia, Vecchia, or Invecchiata.
169
What is Calvados distilled from?
Apple and pear cider ## Footnote Calvados is categorized as an eau-de-vie and is produced in Normandy, France.
170
List the three delimited appellations of Calvados.
* Calvados AOC * Calvados-Domfrontais AOC * Calvados Pays d'Auge AOC ## Footnote These appellations define the production regions and methods for Calvados.
171
What is the minimum aging requirement for Calvados?
Two years in oak casks ## Footnote This aging process contributes to the flavor and quality of Calvados.
172
What distinguishes Calvados Pays d'Auge from other appellations?
Limits perry (pear cider) to a maximum of 30% ## Footnote This region is recognized as the premier area for Calvados production.
173
What is the aging duration for Calvados labeled as VSOP?
Four years ## Footnote Other labels include Vieux or Réserve (three years) and XO or Hors d'Age (minimum six years).
174
True or False: Poire Williams is aged in oak casks.
False ## Footnote Poire Williams is aged in glass, resulting in a high alcohol content.
175
What is the alcohol content of poire Williams typically like?
Relatively high (45%) ## Footnote The clear spirit retains its clarity due to glass aging.
176
What is framboise?
Raspberry eau-de-vie ## Footnote Framboise is a clear spirit, distinct from the red framboise liqueur.
177
Name two types of plum eau-de-vie and their regional names.
* Slivovitz * Mirabelle * Quetsch * Prunelle ## Footnote These names vary depending on the region and type of plum used.
178
What is Boukha?
Fig eau-de-vie, the national drink of Tunisia ## Footnote Boukha is a traditional spirit made from figs.
179
What type of fruit is barack pálinka made from?
Apricot ## Footnote This eau-de-vie is popular in Hungary.
180
What is rum primarily produced from?
Fermented sugarcane or molasses ## Footnote Molasses is a byproduct of processing sugarcane into sugar.
181
Where did the style of rum originate?
The Caribbean in the 19th century
182
List the four major styles of rum.
* Light rum * Dark rum * Demerara rum * Rhum agricole
183
How is most light rum distilled?
By the continuous method and filtered with charcoal
184
What is Demerara rum unique to?
Guyana
185
What is cachaça essentially considered?
Light rum
186
What characterizes dark rum compared to light rum?
Fuller body and more complex caramel notes
187
What is the typical aging process for quality dark rums?
Distilled twice in pot stills and aged for a number of years
188
What is rhum agricole produced from?
Sugarcane juice
189
Where is rhum agricole mainly produced?
Martinique
190
What must be mandated in Martinique for rhum agricole?
Column distillation
191
What are spiced rums flavored with?
The addition of spice or fruit
192
From where is tequila primarily produced?
Mexico, specifically around the city of Tequila in Jalisco
193
What is the main ingredient in tequila?
Fermented juice of the cooked piña of the blue agave plant
194
What percentage of blue agave is required for tequila to be labeled 100% blue agave?
100%
195
What is the minimum percentage of blue agave for mixto tequila?
51%
196
What are the aging classifications for tequila?
* Blanco or Silver: bottled immediately after distillation * Reposado: aged two months to one year * Añejo: aged for at least one year * Extra Añejo: aged for a minimum of three years
197
What is mezcal produced from?
Fermented agave
198
Where is mezcal principally made?
Oaxaca
199
What is the primary agave variety used for mezcal?
Espadín (Agave angustifolia)
200
How long does the espadín plant take to mature?
Six to eight years
201
What can some agave varieties take to mature?
20 to 30 years
202
What are the three labeling categories created for mezcal in 2016?
Mezcal, Mezcal Artesanal, Mezcal Ancestral ## Footnote These categories distinguish between industrially made spirits and those made with traditional techniques.
203
What is the traditional expression of mezcal?
Blanco ## Footnote Blanco is the unaged version of mezcal.
204
What marketing gimmick is associated with mezcal since the 1940s?
The infamous worm (larva) ## Footnote Finding a worm in high-quality mezcal is very unlikely.
205
How do most liquors derive their flavor?
From the base of the distillation or the method of aging ## Footnote This includes the use of maceration, infusion, or percolation.
206
What is the definition of bitters?
A base spirit flavored by the addition of spices, herbs, roots, fruit, or botanicals ## Footnote Bitters are often used in cocktails for flavor enhancement.
207
What does the term 'amaro' mean?
Bitter ## Footnote Italian amari are bittersweet liqueurs.
208
Name a well-known style of amaro.
Fernet ## Footnote Fernet-Branca is its most famous producer.
209
What are the two categories of bitters based on their typical enjoyment?
Aperitif and digestif ## Footnote Aperitifs are lower-alcohol, while digestifs are higher-alcohol.
210
What is an example of a lower-alcohol bitter often used as an aperitif?
Aperol or Campari ## Footnote These are commonly enjoyed before meals.
211
What is an example of a higher-alcohol bitter favored as an after-dinner drink?
Fernet or Averna ## Footnote These are typically served after meals.
212
What is Angostura bitters primarily used for?
Cocktail flavoring ## Footnote It is produced from a base of rum in Trinidad.
213
What were bitters originally developed as?
A medicinal tonic ## Footnote They are still used for their digestive and restorative properties.
214
What are the primary flavors of Fernet Branca?
herbs, roots, spices ## Footnote Fernet Branca is known for its complex flavor profile, emphasizing various botanicals.
215
What are the primary flavors of Averna?
herbs, roots, citrus ## Footnote Averna is a Sicilian amaro with a sweet and herbal taste.
216
What are the primary flavors of Ramazzotti?
roots, herbs, orange peel, anise ## Footnote Ramazzotti features a blend of various botanicals, offering a unique flavor.
217
What is the primary flavor of Cynar?
artichoke ## Footnote Cynar is an artichoke-based liqueur known for its distinctive taste.
218
What are the primary flavors of Campari?
herbs, quinine, rhubarb, orange ## Footnote Campari is famous for its bitter flavor and is often used in cocktails.
219
What are the primary flavors of Aperol?
orange, gentian, rhubarb ## Footnote Aperol is known for its bright orange color and refreshing taste.
220
What are the primary flavors of Amer Picon?
orange, gentian ## Footnote Amer Picon is a French bittersweet liqueur often enjoyed in cocktails.
221
What are the primary flavors of Suze?
gentian, herbs ## Footnote Suze is a French aperitif made from gentian root, known for its bitterness.
222
What are the primary flavors of Boonekamp?
herbs, roots, spices ## Footnote Boonekamp is a Dutch herbal liqueur with a strong herbal flavor.
223
What are the primary flavors of Unicum (Zwack)?
herbs, spices ## Footnote Unicum is a Hungarian herbal liqueur with a complex flavor profile.
224
What are the primary flavors of Jägermeister?
herbs, spices, fruits ## Footnote Jägermeister is a German herbal liqueur that includes a diverse array of ingredients.
225
What country is Fernet Branca from?
Italy ## Footnote Fernet Branca is an Italian amaro with a strong herbal flavor.
226
What country is Averna from?
Italy ## Footnote Averna is a traditional Sicilian amaro.
227
What country is Ramazzotti from?
Italy ## Footnote Ramazzotti is another Italian amaro, popular for its sweet flavor.
228
What country is Cynar from?
Italy ## Footnote Cynar is produced in Italy and is known for its artichoke flavor.
229
What country is Campari from?
Italy ## Footnote Campari is an iconic Italian liqueur often used in cocktails.
230
What country is Aperol from?
Italy ## Footnote Aperol is an Italian aperitif with a bittersweet flavor.
231
What country is Amer Picon from?
France ## Footnote Amer Picon is a French bittersweet liqueur.
232
What country is Suze from?
France ## Footnote Suze is a French aperitif made from gentian root.
233
What country is Boonekamp from?
Germany ## Footnote Boonekamp is a German herbal liqueur.
234
What country is Unicum (Zwack) from?
Hungary ## Footnote Unicum is a traditional Hungarian herbal liqueur.
235
What country is Jägermeister from?
Germany ## Footnote Jägermeister is a well-known German herbal liqueur.
236
What is the primary flavor of Cointreau?
orange ## Footnote Cointreau is a type of orange liqueur known for its sweet and bitter orange flavors.
237
What is the country of origin for Curaçao?
Netherlands (Antilles) ## Footnote Curaçao is a liqueur made from the dried peel of the laraha citrus fruit.
238
What fruit flavor is associated with Grand Marnier?
orange (Cognac base) ## Footnote Grand Marnier is a blend of Cognac and orange liqueur.
239
Which liqueur has tangerine as its primary flavor?
Van Der Hum ## Footnote Van Der Hum is a South African liqueur made from tangerines.
240
What is the primary flavor of Maraschino?
cherry ## Footnote Maraschino liqueur is made from Marasca cherries.
241
What is the primary flavor of Chambord?
black raspberry ## Footnote Chambord is a raspberry liqueur made from black raspberries.
242
What is the primary flavor of Crème de Cassis?
blackcurrant ## Footnote Crème de Cassis is a sweet liqueur made from blackcurrants.
243
Which liqueur is flavored with cherry and originates from Denmark?
Cherry Heering ## Footnote Cherry Heering is a cherry liqueur that has been produced since the 19th century.
244
What is the primary flavor of Pisang Ambon?
banana ## Footnote Pisang Ambon is a sweet liqueur made from bananas.
245
What flavor is associated with Midori?
melon ## Footnote Midori is a bright green liqueur with a strong melon flavor.
246
What is the primary flavor of Malibu?
coconut (rum base) ## Footnote Malibu is a coconut-flavored liqueur made with rum.
247
What type of berries does Sloe Gin primarily flavor?
sloe berries ## Footnote Sloe Gin is a sweetened gin liqueur flavored with sloe berries, which are the fruit of the blackthorn bush.
248
What is the primary flavor of Limoncello?
lemon ## Footnote Limoncello is an Italian lemon liqueur that is often served chilled as a digestif.
249
Which liqueur is produced in France and has orange as its primary flavor?
Cointreau ## Footnote Cointreau is a popular orange liqueur often used in cocktails.
250
Which liqueur originates from South Africa?
Van Der Hum ## Footnote Van Der Hum is known for its distinctive tangerine flavor.
251
Fill in the blank: The primary flavor of Grand Marnier is _______.
orange (Cognac base)
252
True or False: Sloe Gin is primarily flavored with cherries.
False ## Footnote Sloe Gin is flavored with sloe berries, not cherries.
253
Which country is the origin of Midori?
Japan ## Footnote Midori is a well-known melon liqueur that originated in Japan.
254
What is Sloe Gin?
A sweetened gin base flavored with sloe berries ## Footnote Sloe gin is a type of fruit liqueur made by infusing gin with the fruit of the blackthorn bush.
255
What is Limoncello?
A lemon-flavored Italian liqueur ## Footnote Limoncello is traditionally made from the zest of lemons, sugar, water, and alcohol.
256
What does 'slue bellico' refer to?
A sweetened gin base ## Footnote The term is less commonly known and may refer to specific regional variations of gin.
257
What is the primary flavor of Advocaat?
Sweetened egg ## Footnote Advocaat is a traditional Dutch liqueur made from eggs, sugar, and brandy.
258
What are Coffee, Cream, Nut, and Egg Liqueurs?
A category of liqueurs that includes various flavors such as: * Coffee * Cream * Nut * Egg ## Footnote These liqueurs often blend flavors with a creamy texture.
259
Name a whiskey-based liqueur.
Baileys ## Footnote Baileys is an Irish cream liqueur made from a blend of cream and Irish whiskey.
260
What is the country of origin for Amarula?
South Africa ## Footnote Amarula is made from the fruit of the marula tree native to Africa.
261
What is the primary flavor of Kahlúa?
Coffee (rum base) ## Footnote Kahlúa is a coffee-flavored liqueur from Mexico made with rum.
262
Fill in the blank: Godiva is a type of _______.
chocolate liqueur ## Footnote Godiva liqueur is known for its rich chocolate flavor.
263
What is the primary flavor of Frangelico?
Hazelnut ## Footnote Frangelico is an Italian hazelnut liqueur.
264
What is the primary flavor of Amaretto?
Apricot, almond ## Footnote Amaretto is an Italian liqueur that has a sweet almond flavor.
265
Which country is known for producing Baileys?
Ireland ## Footnote Baileys is one of the most popular Irish cream liqueurs globally.
266
What is the primary flavor of Tia Maria?
Coffee (rum base) ## Footnote Tia Maria is a coffee liqueur that originated in Jamaica.
267
Which country is associated with the production of Limoncello?
Italy ## Footnote Limoncello is especially popular in Southern Italy, particularly the Amalfi Coast.
268
What is the primary flavor of Amarula?
Cream, marula fruit ## Footnote Amarula is known for its creamy texture and tropical fruit flavor.
269
What is Frangelico?
A hazelnut liqueur from Italy ## Footnote Frangelico is known for its distinctive flavor and is often used in cocktails or enjoyed neat.
270
What is Amaretto?
A liqueur with a flavor profile of apricot and almond ## Footnote Amaretto is traditionally associated with Italy and is used in various cocktails and desserts.
271
What nut is primarily featured in Frangelico?
Hazelnut ## Footnote Hazelnuts give Frangelico its unique and recognizable taste.
272
What type of liqueurs are Southern Comfort and Drambuie categorized as?
Whiskey-Based Liqueurs ## Footnote These liqueurs are made with a base of whiskey, providing a rich flavor profile.
273
What is the primary flavor of Glen Mist?
Honey, tangerine, spices ## Footnote Glen Mist is a Scotch whisky liqueur that combines these flavors for a distinctive taste.
274
What is the base alcohol used in Southern Comfort?
American whiskey ## Footnote Southern Comfort is known for its smoothness and sweet flavor, attributed to its whiskey base.
275
What is the primary flavor profile of Irish Mist?
Honey, herbs ## Footnote Irish Mist is a blend of Irish whiskey and honey, creating a sweet and herbal flavor.
276
Fill in the blank: Drambuie is made with _______.
Scotch whisky ## Footnote Drambuie incorporates aged Scotch whisky along with honey and herbs.
277
What country is the origin of Amaretto?
Italy ## Footnote Amaretto is a traditional Italian liqueur enjoyed worldwide.
278
What are the primary flavors of Southern Comfort?
Peach, orange, spice ## Footnote Southern Comfort's unique blend of flavors sets it apart from other liqueurs.
279
True or False: Glen Mist is a whiskey-based liqueur.
True ## Footnote Glen Mist is classified as a liqueur made with Scotch whisky.
280
What is the primary flavor of Pernod?
anise
281
What is the primary flavor of Ricard?
anise
282
What is the primary flavor of Pastis 51?
anise
283
What is the primary flavor of Ouzo?
anise
284
What is the primary flavor of Sambuca?
anise
285
What is the primary flavor of Galliano?
vanilla, herbs, spices
286
What is the primary flavor of Licor 43?
herbs, plants, roots, spices
287
What is the primary flavor of Kümmel?
caraway
288
What is the primary flavor of Bénédictine?
blended Bénédictine, brandy
289
What is the primary flavor of Chartreuse?
saffron, herbs, spices
290
What is the primary flavor of B & B?
herbs, spices
291
What is the primary flavor of Strega?
herbs, spices
292
What is the primary flavor of St-Germain?
elderflower
293
What is the primary flavor of Crème de Menthe?
mint
294
What is the primary flavor of Krupnik?
honey
295
What country is Pernod from?
France
296
What country is Ricard from?
France
297
What country is Pastis 51 from?
France
298
What country is Ouzo from?
Greece
299
What country is Sambuca from?
Italy
300
What country is Galliano from?
Italy
301
What country is Licor 43 from?
Spain
302
What country is Kümmel from?
Denmark
303
What country is Bénédictine from?
France
304
What country is Chartreuse from?
France
305
What country is B & B from?
France
306
What country is Strega from?
Italy
307
What country is St-Germain from?
France (the cocktail originated in New York)
308
What country is Crème de Menthe from?
France
309
What country is Krupnik from?
Poland
CMS Advanced Level 2025-2026
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