Sports topic 2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are some benefits of exercise?
Stress relief, increased concentration, releases endorphins for happiness, boost self esteem, vitamin D outside prevents cognitive decline.
What is exercise?
Physical activity purposely undertaken in order to develop improved fitness.
What is mental health?
’ a state of well-being in which every individual realises his or her potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to the community’
POMS- McNair et al (1997)
POMS- measure of benefits of exercise on mental health and psychological well being.
Developed Profile of Mood States which measure 6 mood states, (5 negative), tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion and vigour.
65 item scale, ps must indicate on a 5 point scale how they have been feeling in relation to the item in the past week.
Scale goes from ‘not at all’ to ‘extremely’.
What does the endorphin hypothesis suggest?
When you exercise, your body releases chemicals called ‘endorphins’ , which interact with receptors in your brain which reduce the perception of pain. They trigger a positive feeling in the body similar to a morphine.
What did Boecker (2008) suggest?
Using PET scans they found an increase in endorphins in 10 distance runners after a 2hr run, there was an increase in endorphins released in the limbic system ( an area of the brain linked to emotions and motivation.
What did Cohen et al (2009) suggest?
12 male rowers from Oxford University, those who continuously rowed for 45 minutes in groups reported greater pain thresholds which may be due to a surge of endorphins.
What is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?
A protein which promotes the growth and survival of neurones, high concentrations in the central nervous system and in areas of the brain eg hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum. BDNF activity reduces the effect of stress and improves wellbeing.
What did Heyman et al (2012) suggest?
intense exercise increased BDNF in a sample of 11 male cyclists who claimed cyclists improved their mood.
What did Erickson et al (2012) suggest?
post-mortem examinations of depressed patients and suicide victims showed reduce levels of BDNF in the hippocampus.
Psychological
What did Peluso and de Andrades (2005) suggest?
3 possible psychological explanations to explain how exercise may benefit ones mental health.
- Distraction hypothesis
- Self-efficacy hypothesis ( challenges to overcome which make us feel better about ourselves), ability to succeed in a particular situation.
- Social interaction hypothesis- exercise can lead to social support since interactions lead to relationships being built, which can help improve caping abilities.
Who was the key research conducted by?
Lewis et al
What are some symptoms of PD?
Tremor, shaking, aching, stiff shoulders, slowed movement, stiffness, tiredness, depression
What was the background?
PD is a neurodegenerative disease usually in people aged 50 and above.
Research into PD and dance have already shown that the movement symptoms of PD respond well to dance, the influence of dance on mood and depression with PD had not really been reported.
What was the aim?
To examine the effect of dance on mood to the elderly, specially in a group of people with Parkinson’s disease across a long cycle of 12 weeks and a short cycle of 1 hour.
Who was the sample?
22 with Parkinson’s disorder
15 in the control condition
What was the design?
Independent measures and matched-
PD vs Control, age was matched to the PD pts.
Repeated measures- cycle time after class, vs week 12
DV- ps mood scores
Brief summary of the procedure?
Ps gave a consent form, and completed a POMS to establish the baseline for their mood before dance intervention, week 1
Attended a 50 minute dance class ran by a qualified instructor once a week for 10 weeks, this involved a 10 minute warm up, 30 minute dance with a 5 minute break and 5 minute cool down.
Different styles of dance was included
In the 9th week ps completed the BRUMS according to how they feel right now before and after the dance session to provide the short cycle time data few days after the tenth dance session then asked to complete POMS.
What were the results?
2 pts (1 control + 1 experiment), 5 failed to attend the final testing.
TMD scores were significantly lower following the 10 week dance intervention.
Anger and anxiety tension was also significantly changes.
All ps reported improvement in moods after a single dance class, TMD scores significantly from base line eg tension, anxiety, vigour.
What are some conclusions?
Dance intervention can provide physical and psychological benefits over both long and short cycle times for the elderly and especially those with PD.
Dance can help improve mood states particularly anger in elderly people especially those with parkinsons.
What are the applications?
Dance aerobics such as zumba or jazz exercise, using large muscular groups, rhythmically elevating the heart rate
rowing- interval sessions or a long steady workout.
Section A?
Aim, sample, RM, procedure
Total mood disturbance scores were significantly lower following the 10 week dance intervention. Particularly significant in relation to anger.
Dancing does help improve subscale emotions in psychological benefits associated with dance as exercise releases endorphins which triggers positive feelings in the body.
Enhance mood in older people which may last over several days if the exercise is taken in a program of sessions.
Alleviate some symptoms of anxiety related disorders such as low mood or anxiety.
