Sports topic 3

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

Factors which make us carry out behaviours.

Question 2

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

Within the individual, eg personal satisfaction.

Question 3

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

External rewards gained gaining from taking part in sport, eg trophies, prizes

Question 4

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 4

Beliefs about abilities, based on past experiences, persuasion from other people and interpretation of our phsyiological.

Question 5

What is sports confidence?

Answer 5

Ability to succeed in sport, if we believe we are likely to win when entering a competition.

Question 6

What is trait confidence?

Answer 6

State belief in your general level of sporting ability.

Question 7

What is state confidence?

Answer 7

Level of confidence that can change quite quickly due to contextual factors at a specific factors at a specific time.

Question 8

What is sport orientation?

Answer 8

Gill (1986) identified 3 components which measure sports orientation- competitiveness, win orientation and goal orientation.

Question 9

What is imagery?

Answer 9

Mental practice or rehearsal where the athlete thinks through or imagines themselves performing a particular skill or achieving a particular goal.

Question 10

What is motivation general mastery MG-M?

Answer 10

when an individual sees themselves coping in difficult situation’s and mastering these.

Question 11

What is motivation general arousal MG-A?

Answer 11

When an individual reflects on feelings of stress, anxiety or arousal in relation to sport. Imaging emotions or feelings- getting psyched up.

Question 12

Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation?

Answer 12

an athlete who is intrinsically motivated will participate in sport for their own sake, it comes from within the individual whereas extrinsic people take part for social or material rewards, there are external rewards.

Question 13

What did Ashford et al’s research suggest?

Answer 13

336 adults at a community sports centre found intrinsic motivators were physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, improvement of performance and achievement of personal and competitive goals.

Question 14

What did Bandura suggest with self-efficacy?

Answer 14

Belief about our abilities
a cognitive concept which is situation-specific
We learn from consequences, a person may know that that training regularly will lead to success.
Low self efficacy will have a negative impact on sports performance so it is important for athletes to develop high self efficacy important for motivation.
4 factors influence self efficacy-
Previous personal achievement
Vicarious experience,
Verbal persuasion
Arousal

Question 15

What is sports confidence?

Answer 15

Our abilities to succeed to win
Robin Vealey (1986)- trait confidence a stable belief in the general level of sporting ability bases upon previous experiences, state confidence is the level of confidence which relates to the ability to compete at a specific time which can alter levels of motivation quickly.

Question 16

What did Gill (1986) suggest with sports orientation?

Answer 16

identified competitiveness as the key factor in explaining sports motivation and that sports is a unique activity.

Question 17

What did Woods (2001) identify?

Answer 17

competitiveness, motivation is to seek and strive in success, win orientation and goal orientation.

Question 18

What did Gill and Deeter suggest?

Answer 18

competitiveness had the strongest influence on the motivation to enter competitive sporting situations

Question 19

What are the different types of imagery?

Answer 19

Mental imagery- describe the structured mental practice techniques used to create or recreate an athletic performance.
Internal imagery- imagining yourself perform a task,
External imagery- seeing yourself perform the task

Question 20

Who conducted the key research?

Answer 20

Munroe- Chandler, Hall, Fishburne (2008)

Question 21

What was the aim?

Answer 21

to examine the relationship between imagery use and confidence in soccer players.

Question 22

What was the method?

Answer 22

Opportunity sample, 122 Canadian male and female soccer players ages between 11-14, non elite and 50 elite
Correlational design
3 questionnaires- one measuring frequency of imagery use, one assessing general confidence levels, one assessing self confidence in soccer
SIQ-C sport imagery questionnaire for children.
CTAI-2C, competitive trait inventory-2 for children
SEQ-S self efficacy for soccer

Question 23

What was the brief procedure?

Answer 23

consent was obtained, coaches were sent details of the research by letter or email, data was collected over a 2 week period in mid- soccer season, players completing questionnaires before practice at their usual training sessions, pts completed SIQ-C imagery

Question 24

What are the main results?

Answer 24

Self-efficacy MG-M accounted for 40%-57% of the variance for self-confidence and self-efficacy. MG-A and MS contributing marginally in the self confidence regression for recreational players.
Self-confidence- MG-M imagery was a significant predictor of self-confidence and self efficacy.

Question 25

Part A questions?

Answer 25

Aim, sample, RM, procedure Finding 1- strong positive correlations were found between imagery and self-efficacy. Being able to imagine physical and emotional environments allows us to be more prepared for competition. It therefore increases our belief in our own ability and hence we are motivated as we feel we are able to perform well. Therefore the use of imagery increases self-efficacy and improves motivation. The use of all types of imagery was correlated with confidence but to a lesser extent with the MGM- imagery. MGM-imagery is the most beneficial for the player as we are able to imagine ourselves winning then we have greater belief in our ability to win increasing our motivation as the feeling of winning is positive.

Question 26

Part C style applications?

Answer 26

Positive self talk, athletes tell themselves to control anxiety and judge performance (Ramlanc and Adhzar 2015). It creates confidence, motivation, effort and controlling anxiety and arousal. it is useful for coaches to understand the different types of self talk. another strategy is imagery, a key psychological skill in enhancing performance and motor skills, an individual sees themselves coping in difficult situations by mastering these techniques. In Munroes research MG-M accounted for between 40%-57% variance for self confidence and self efficacy with two other functions.