SPPA1000 Notes Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
What is receptive language?
A
Structured procedures involving looking, pointing, acting out, following directions and unstructured play activities
Receptive language refers to the ability to understand and process language.
2
Q
What is expressive language?
A
Structured testing and spontaneous conversation samples, narrative, etc.
Expressive language refers to the ability to produce language and communicate thoughts.
3
Q
What factors of the ICF may impact a child’s performance in assessment sessions?
A
Body structure and function, activity & participation, environmental/contextual factors, personal factors
ICF stands for International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.
4
Q
What are the risks of too small a sample size in data collection?
A
Not representative in terms of quantity &/ quality.
5
Q
What are the disadvantages of too large a sample size?
A
Time for transcription & analysis - efficiency.
6
Q
When should 50-100 utterances be used in analysis?
A
When analyzing particular features like specific grammatical morphemes, lexical words or discourse features.
7
Q
In what scenarios are short samples appropriate?
A
As part of a comprehensive assessment or as a progress monitoring tool.
8
Q
What should be confirmed with parents after a language sample collection?
A
That the sample is representative.
9
Q
What is the Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle?
A
Description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, action plan.
10
Q
What mechanisms do children use to learn language?
A
Sight, copying, mimicking, serve & return.
11
Q
What are the two main approaches in the nature vs. nurture debate regarding language acquisition?
A
Nature (generative/nativist) and nurture (interactionist/social).
12
Q
Who is the main theorist associated with the generative/nativist approach?
A
Noam Chomsky.
13
Q
What does the interactionist approach suggest about language acquisition?
A
Language is learned from a combination of biological & environmental influences.
14
Q
What does the critical period hypothesis state?
A
Children need to be exposed to language early in life to develop full language processes.
15
Q
What is the prelexical phase in Stackhouse & Wells’ Developmental Phase Model?
A
Babbling, up to about 1 year.
16
Q
What is the whole word phase in language development?
A
Learning first words, up to about 2 years.
17
Q
What is the assembly phase in language development?
A
Mastering of connected speech, 3-4 years.
18
Q
Define ‘Motherese/Fatherese’.
A
The ability of caregivers to adapt speech to support child language development.
19
Q
What are the characteristics of paralinguistic adjustments in caregiver speech?
A
Slower speech, higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, varied loudness patterns.
20
Q
What is the taxonomic bias in children’s language learning?
A
Assuming the label is for the category, not the specific example.
21
Q
What are the terms for different stages of human development?
A
- Foetus: before birth
- Neonate: birth to 4 weeks
- Infant: from neonate to 2 years
- Toddler: 2-5 years
- Child: 5-12 years
- Adolescent: 13-18 years.
22
Q
What is one sign of receptive communication in a newborn?
A
Shows preference for mother’s voice.
23
Q
What is one sign of expressive communication in a newborn?
A
Crying when hungry or uncomfortable.
24
Q
What is the role of early neural development in language acquisition?
A
Neural connections are formed in response to stimuli from the environment.
25
What types of sounds do infants typically not produce?
Speech-like sounds
## Footnote
Infants make giggling, squealing, and feeding noises instead.
26
At what age does a social smile typically emerge in infants?
Two weeks
27
What is the infant's response to their mother's face during feeding?
Look & focus on it
28
What is the significance of caregivers reading infants' messages?
Determining the best time to play
29
What are the three main components of the Stackhouse & Wells Model of speech processing in neonates?
Input, Output, Motor execution
30
Fill in the blank: At one month, infants maintain _______ with adults.
Eye contact
31
At what age do infants start to search for their mother/father's voice?
Two months
32
What developmental milestone occurs at three months?
Increased attention span
33
What are proto-conversations?
Interactions that contain initial elements of emerging conversations
34
At what age can mothers identify different types of crying?
3-4 months
35
What emotion is characterized by brows knit or raised and mouth rounded?
Interest
36
Which emotion emerges at 5-7 weeks?
Fear
37
What vocalizations do infants typically produce at five months?
Vocalisations for different attitudes
38
What type of babbling begins at 6-7 months?
Canonical/repudiated babbling
39
At six months, what phonological representation do infants begin to store?
Sound sequences they hear regularly
40
True or False: At six months, infants can label objects.
False
41
What are the three stages of the development of intentionality?
Per-locutionary, Il-locutionary, Locutionary
42
At what age do infants begin to imitate more complicated motor behaviours?
9 months
43
What does joint attention allow for in language development?
Fast word-object mapping
44
Fill in the blank: By 12 months, the lexical representation for each word is linked to _______.
Semantic representation, phonological representation, motor representation
45
What is significant about the first words that emerge at 12 months?
Input and output sides of the model are now online and connected
46
What is the role of bracketing in word learning?
Using prosody or rhythm to determine divisions in clauses/phrases
47
What might hinder a child's vocabulary development?
Poor memory, inability to segment speech, interrupted hearing
48
What age do children typically show a preference for their main caregiver?
8 months
49
What is the developmental phase model's prelexical phase?
Babbling, up to 1 year
50
What are the three aspects of joint attention?
* Indicating
* Deixis
* Naming
51
What is echolalia?
Imitating/attempting to copy intonation of others' speech
52
At what age do infants begin to focus on sound sequences in their environment?
6 months
53
What are the three representations linked in the lexical representation for each word?
Semantic representation, phonological representation, motor representation
## Footnote
These representations help in understanding and producing language.
54
What is babbling described as?
Rich & variegated
## Footnote
Babbling is an important stage in language development, showcasing a variety of sounds.
55
What are the four sets of sensory information mapped in the production-perception loop?
* Articulatory maneuvers
* Acoustic consequences
* Visual representations of productions
* Auditory representations of productions
## Footnote
This loop is crucial for language learning and speech development.
56
How does increased mobility interact with language learning?
Increased exposure, exploration, and learning
## Footnote
Mobility allows children to engage more with their environment and learn new words and concepts.
57
What is the vocabulary size approximation at 12-24 months?
Approximately 20 words, growing rapidly
## Footnote
This period marks significant vocabulary development in toddlers.
58
What predicts better vocabulary at 24 months?
Combined gestures with object use
## Footnote
Gestures help in understanding and acquiring new vocabulary.
59
What phase do children enter during the major growth area of 12-24 months?
Whole word phase
## Footnote
This phase involves learning first words and expanding vocabulary.
60
What is the transition observed during the 12-24 months phase?
From babbling and jargon to phonetically consistent forms
## Footnote
Children start to use consistent sounds for specific objects.
61
What types of vocabulary exposure are associated with rapid vocabulary development?
Rich vocabulary with many different and sophisticated words
## Footnote
A diverse vocabulary in the environment enhances language learning.
62
What are the six broad pragmatic categories of language?
* Control
* Representational
* Expressive
* Social
* Tutorial
* Procedural
## Footnote
These categories highlight the various functions of language in communication.
63
What principle helps children understand that words refer to things?
Reference Principle
## Footnote
This principle is fundamental in language acquisition.
64
What does the Extendability principle state?
A word can refer to similar things
## Footnote
For example, 'cup' can refer to all types of cups.
65
What does the Whole-object principle imply?
A word can refer to the whole object
## Footnote
For instance, 'dog' refers to the whole dog, not just a part like the tail.
66
What is Fast Mapping?
A strategy that allows a child to infer a connection between a word and its referent after only one exposure
## Footnote
This process is crucial in early vocabulary acquisition.
67
What percentage of the first 50 words a child learns are nouns?
~65%
## Footnote
Nouns are easier for children to learn compared to verbs.
68
What differentiates a vocalization from a true word?
A true word must phonetically resemble the adult form, be used consistently, and occur in the presence of the referent
## Footnote
This distinction is important in identifying language milestones.
69
What are the characteristics of first words?
* Nouns as entities with specific features
* Perceptually driven
* Linguistic predictability
## Footnote
First words often stem from clear and recognizable entities in a child's environment.
70
What are the six broad pragmatic categories of early pragmatic functions?
* Control
* Representational
* Expressive
* Social
* Tutorial
* Procedural
## Footnote
These categories describe the general purposes of early language use.
71
What is over-extension in word learning?
Meanings that are too broad compared to the adult meaning
## Footnote
For example, using 'dog' to refer to all four-legged animals.
72
What is under-extension in word learning?
Overly restricted meanings
## Footnote
For instance, using 'dog' only for the family pet and not for all dogs.
73
What phonological characteristic is typical of first words?
CV/CVCV structures
## Footnote
Children often use simple syllable patterns in early speech.
74
What is the significance of Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)?
Moderate predictor of language complexity
## Footnote
MLU increases correspond to increases in sentence complexity in young children.
75
What are the stages of Brown's Stages of language development?
* Stage 1: MLU 1.0 - 2.0, Age 12-26 months
* Stage 2: MLU 2.0 - 2.5, Age 27-30 months
* Stage 3: MLU 2.5 - 3.0, Age 31-34 months
* Stage 4: MLU 3.0 - 3.75, Age 35-40 months
* Stage 5: MLU 3.75 - 4.5, Age 41-46 months
## Footnote
Each stage reflects different levels of grammatical and morphological development.
76
What does the term 'pivot schema' refer to?
One word structures that combine with other words
## Footnote
Examples include words like 'want' or 'go' combined with other nouns.
77
What are simplification patterns affecting phonological segments?
* Stopping
* Fronting
* Liquid gliding
* Vowel neutralisation
## Footnote
These patterns represent systematic sound substitutions in children's speech.
78
What is MLU and its range in Stage 5?
MLU: 3.75 - 4.5
## Footnote
MLU stands for Mean Length of Utterance, a measure used in language development.
79
Define direct and indirect objects with an example.
Direct object: acted on (e.g., 'the bag'). Indirect object: not directly acted on (e.g., 'the mum').
## Footnote
Example: 'He gave the bag to the mum.'
80
What are question tags in English?
Adding a clause to a declarative sentence to confirm information (e.g., 'I didn’t drop it, did I?').
81
What is embedding in sentence structure?
Inserting a smaller clause inside a larger clause.
82
What are subordinate clauses?
Clauses preceded by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.
83
List examples of coordinating conjunctions.
* And
* But
* So
* Or
* If
* Because
84
What is the MLU range for Stage 5+?
MLU: 4.5+
## Footnote
Age (approx): 47 months +.
85
What is the significance of indefinite forms in language development?
They indicate a less reliable usage beyond 47 months.
86
What type of questions do children start asking at 5+ years?
Negative why questions.
87
What is a copula in grammar?
'Be' verb followed by a complement.
88
Define phrasal embedding.
Occurs within the noun phrase (NP).
89
What is a gerund?
A word that can act as a noun or verb (e.g., 'reading').
90
What are the examples of Brown’s Stage II morphemes?
* Present progressive -ing
* Regular plural -s
* Possessive 's
* Regular past -ed
* Regular third person -s
91
At what age is the regular plural -s typically mastered?
Age 27-33 months.
92
Define lexical semantics.
Concerned with the meaning of words and the meaning relationships among words.
93
What is the focus of phrasal/sentence semantics?
Meaning of syntactic units larger than the word.
94
What is pragmatics in linguistics?
Study of how context affects meaning, including non-literal language.
95
What are the four types of meaning relationships?
* Taxonomic
* Attributive
* Part-whole
* Functional
96
What is the semantic function of verbs in sentences?
Usually carries the bulk of meaning.
97
What does the term 'turn taking' refer to in conversation?
The awareness and management of conversational turns.
98
At what age do children typically start to use indirect requests?
Increased use between 3-5 years.
99
What are the stages of narrative development according to Applebee?
* Heaps
* Sequences
* Primitive narrative
* Unfocused chain
* Focused chain
* True narrative
100
What is the significance of the setting statement in narrative grammar?
Introduces characters and context.
101
Define initiating event in narrative structure.
Event that prompts character to act.
102
What is the difference between oral style and literate style of language?
Oral style is contextualized, while literate style is decontextualized and more complex.
103
What age range is associated with summarisation skills?
7-11 years.
104
What is the purpose of story grammar analysis?
To analyze the structure of stories based on adult narrative structures.
105
What are the components of story grammar?
* Setting statement
* Initiating event
* Internal response/state
* Internal plan
* Attempt
* Direct consequence
* Reaction
## Footnote
These components describe the structure of narratives in storytelling.
106
Define metalinguistics.
The ability to think about, reflect, and talk about language.
## Footnote
This includes identifying grammatical errors and understanding figurative language.
107
What are the key metalinguistic skills developed in school-aged children?
* Judge utterances as appropriate for context
* Correct word order & grammatical errors
* Identify sounds, syllables, words & sentences
* Provide definition of words
* Construct jokes & riddles
## Footnote
These skills are linked to the development of reading and writing.
108
What is the Science of Reading?
An interdisciplinary body of scientifically-based research about reading and issues related to reading and writing.
## Footnote
This research has been conducted over the last five decades globally.
109
What does the Simple View of Reading state?
Language comprehension x decoding = reading comprehension.
## Footnote
Strong reading comprehension requires both decoding skills and language comprehension abilities.
110
List the Big 5 keys to reading.
* Phonemic awareness
* Phonics
* Fluency
* Vocabulary
* Comprehension
## Footnote
These elements are essential for effective reading instruction.
111
What is phonemic awareness?
The ability to hear and manipulate sounds in spoken words.
## Footnote
It is a predictor of reading success.
112
Define phonics.
The relationship between sounds (phonemes) and letters (graphemes).
## Footnote
Phonics instruction connects phonemes with written letters.
113
What is fluency in reading?
The ability to read quickly, accurately, and with expression.
## Footnote
Automaticity in reading is essential for effective comprehension.
114
What role does vocabulary play in reading?
It helps in recognizing words and understanding language.
## Footnote
A sufficient vocabulary is necessary for comprehension.
115
What is the definition of a phoneme?
The smallest unit of sound in a word.
## Footnote
There are 44 sounds in the English language.
116
What are the stages of reading development according to Ehri and Frith?
* Prealphabetic
* Early alphabetic
* Later alphabetic
* Consolidated alphabetic
## Footnote
These stages describe how children acquire reading skills over time.
117
What is the Alphabetic Principle?
The concept that letters and letter combinations represent speech sounds (phonemes).
## Footnote
This principle is fundamental to reading in English.
118
What is synthetic phonics instruction?
Teaching how speech sounds map to spellings in a logical order.
## Footnote
It emphasizes blending sounds to form words.
119
Define sight words.
Words that are recognized instantly without decoding.
## Footnote
Effective sight word recognition requires good phonemic awareness.
120
What is the Dual Route Cascaded (DRC) Model of Reading?
A theory that explains how skilled readers process words using both lexical and nonlexical routes.
## Footnote
It accounts for reading regular, irregular, and pseudo words.
121
What is phonological awareness?
The ability to reflect on and manipulate the sounds in speech.
## Footnote
It is crucial for learning to read.
122
What are irregular words in reading?
Words whose pronunciation cannot be derived using grapheme-phoneme correspondence.
## Footnote
Examples include 'yacht' and 'pint'.
123
How do words enter the DRC model?
Incoming words enter both lexical and nonlexical routes for processing.
## Footnote
Familiarity with a word influences which route is used.
124
What is the cultural significance of storytelling for A&TSI peoples?
Storytelling conveys behavior, responsibilities, and kinship rules through various forms.
## Footnote
It is a core aspect of their cultural identity.
125
What is Birak in relation to storytelling?
The hot, dry ceremonial season when stories are shared by elders.
## Footnote
This season is significant for cultural transmission.
126
What is the purpose of exchanging information when meeting someone?
To determine existing relationships and boundaries between people
127
What is Birak?
The hot, dry time over December & January, known as the ceremonial season
128
What type of stories are told to children and adults?
A collection of stories that includes:
* Warning stories/cautionary tales
* Person related stories
* Contextual landscape stories
129
Define phonology
The study of the sound system of a language and the rules governing how sounds are organized in spoken words
130
What is phonological awareness?
The explicit awareness of the sound structure of spoken language
131
What is phonemic awareness?
A subset of phonological awareness focused on the ability to reflect on and manipulate phonemes
132
What is phonics?
A method of teaching reading by connecting phonemes to letters in an alphabetic writing system
133
What does CALD stand for?
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
134
What percentage of Australians used a language other than English at home according to the 2021 census?
22.3%
135
What are some of the most common languages spoken in Australia?
* Mandarin (2.7%)
* Arabic (1.4%)
* Cantonese (1.2%)
* Vietnamese (1.3%)
136
What defines dialects within a language?
Regional, social, or cultural differences in the ways that a particular language is used
137
What is Aboriginal English?
A distinct variety of English that merges English with features of original Indigenous Australian languages
138
What is the significance of de-colonisation in language?
It recognizes that a majority language does not set the norm or dictate what is 'accurate' language
139
What is a key challenge when working with CALD clients?
The use of monolingual tests and comparison to monolingual normative data are not suitable for bilingual or multilingual children
140
What is over-identification in bilingualism?
When a bilingual child scores below average on a standardized test, leading to misinterpretation of their language abilities
141
What does simultaneous acquisition refer to?
A child acquiring both languages at a rate comparable to that of monolingual children
142
What is sequential acquisition?
When a bilingual child develops one language at home and the second language in school or a similar setting
143
What are the stages of second language acquisition?
* Preproduction
* Early production
* Speech emergence
* Intermediate fluency
* Advanced fluency
144
What is code-switching?
Shifting from one language to another in conversation
145
What are the two main WHO classification systems for disease and disability?
* ICD-11
* ICF
146
What is the difference between communication impairment and communication difference?
Impairment does not follow the developmental trajectory, while difference is a variant of a language
147
What percentage of four-year-old children have difficulty understanding or using language?
20%
148
What is the importance of recognizing the mother tongue in language development?
It plays a crucial role in the language development of multilingual children
149
What is professional jargon?
Language specific to an occupation or workplace, facilitating effective communication
150
Fill in the blank: A language is a dialect with an _______.
army and navy
151
What is professional jargon?
Language specific to an occupation or workplace
## Footnote
Examples include medical jargon that allows effective communication among healthcare workers.
152
What are the two types of reading strategies used by adolescent and adult readers?
* Lexical routine with orthographic reading strategy
* Alphabetic reading strategy when encountering new words
153
What does the monolingual view of bilingualism suggest?
Bilinguals have two separate and isolate language competencies similar to two corresponding monolinguals
154
What is the holistic view of bilingualism?
Bilinguals possess a unique linguistic configuration that differs from the sum of two monolinguals
155
What factors influence variability in bi/multilingual language development?
* Language learning history
* Language proficiency
* Language use
156
What innate capacity is involved in acquiring second language (L2) knowledge?
Application of prior knowledge and processing of language input
157
What is communicative competence?
Everything a speaker needs to know to communicate appropriately within a particular community, including:
* Linguistic competence
* Contextual knowledge
* Pragmatic competence
* Socio-cultural knowledge
158
What are the types of bilingualism?
* Learned naturally in community
* Learned in immigrant context
* Learned in classroom
159
True or False: Both languages in a bilingual's repertoire are always inactive.
False
## Footnote
Both languages are always active to some extent, even when one is not required.
160
What changes occur in voice quality as people age?
Speech becomes slower, more dysfluencies, and incomplete sentences occur
161
What happens to lexical access in older adults?
Lexical access degrades, becoming slow with errors from the 60s onwards
162
What are the effects of aging on sentence comprehension?
Hearing deterioration and reduced working memory resources lead to difficulty processing complex structures
163
What conflicting evidence exists regarding discourse in older age?
* Decreased sentence length and complexity
* More effective storytelling and elaboration
164
What is the impact of bilingualism on aging?
Bilingualism acts as cognitive exercise, providing cognitive reserve and delaying dementia onset by about five years
165
Fill in the blank: The bilingual's communicative competence must be studied through their _______.
[total language repertoire used in everyday life]
166
What factors contribute to the restructuring of the L2 knowledge system?
Receiving L2 input that contradicts existing knowledge system
167
What are the eight control processes in the adaptive control hypothesis?
* Goal maintenance
* Conflict monitoring
* Interference suppression
* Salient cue detection
* Selective response inhibition
* Task disengagement
* Task engagement
* Opportunistic planning
