Statistics 1-4

Question 1

What are three reasons to study statistics?

Answer 1

being an information consumer
understanding/making decisions
evaluating decisions that affect your life

Question 2

Descriptive statistics

Answer 2

Methods used for Describing a data set

Question 3

Inferential Statistics

Answer 3

The generalization from sample to population

Question 4

variability

Answer 4

There is always natural variability

Question 5

Variable

Answer 5

The things changing from individual to individual

Question 6

univariate versus Bivariate data

Answer 6

Depends on the number of variables, univariate= one variable

Question 7

categorical data

Answer 7

QUALITATIVE: relating to different categories
-color
-shape

Question 8

numerical data

Answer 8

QAUNTATITIVE: relating to different numbers
discrete- 1,2,3
continuous- 1-3

Question 9

Steps for planning/conducting a study

Answer 9

1. understanding the nature of the problem
2. deciding what to measure and how
3. collecting data
4. summarizing data
5. analyzing data
6. interpreting results

Question 10

Confounding Variable

Answer 10

A variable the may be the cause of differences in the response variable because of its relationship to the population/sample

Question 11

Selection Bias

Answer 11

when the conductor of the experiment chooses the subjects

Question 12

wording bias

Answer 12

cherry picking your words

Question 13

nonresponse bias

Answer 13

out of a randomly selected group people choose to answer

Question 14

response bias

Answer 14

when a subject lies or doesn’t know the answer

Question 15

measurement bias

Answer 15

multiple different people sampling, and using different methods or materials

Question 16

volunteer response bias

Answer 16

When EVERYONE (or a whole population) is given the option to do an experiment

Question 17

volunteer response bias versus non response bias

Answer 17

volunteer response bias applies to a whole population while nonresponse bias applies to just the sample

Question 18

under-coverage

Answer 18

The effects of bias

Question 19

house hold bias

Answer 19

___

Question 20

Sampling

Answer 20

The methods used to select a sample from the population

Question 21

SRS (simple random sample)

Answer 21

completely random sampling
-random number table

Question 22

Stratified random sampling

Answer 22

When the population is split into categories and individuals are randomly selected from each group

Question 23

Convenience sampling

Answer 23

When the sample is chosen just by what is easiest

Question 24

Volunteer sampling

Answer 24

When people choose to take part in the study

Question 25

Quota Sampling

Answer 25

Similar to stratified random sampling
-split into groups and percentage of individuals is taken from each group

Question 26

Multistage cluster sampling

Answer 26

Breaking people into random groups and randomly selecting a few groups. Then randomly selecting smaller groups, and then individuals.

(has multiple stages)

Question 27

What are the key concepts of experimental design?

Answer 27

randomization
blocking
direct control
replication

Question 28

placebo versus nocebo affect

Answer 28

the placebo effect is shown when someone gets better just because they think they’ll get better, the nocebo effect is when someone feels bad because they think they will feel bad.