Stems Chapter 6 (Week 3 Lecture 3)

Question 1

What is a stem?

Answer 1

Woody twig consists of an axis with attached leaves.

Question 2

______ is the area of the stem where the leaves are attached.

Answer 2

Node

Question 3

What are the 3 types of stems?

Answer 3

Alternate or spiral, opposite (attached in pairs), whorled (in groups of 3 or more)

Question 4

______ is the stem region between the nodes.

Answer 4

Internodes

Question 5

The Leaf has a flattened ______ and is usually attached to the twig by ______.

Answer 5

Blade, petiole

Question 6

Where is the axil located?

Answer 6

Angle between petiole and stem

Question 7

The ______ ______ will become branches or flowers in flowering plants.

Answer 7

Axillary bud

Question 8

What protects the buds?

Answer 8

Bud scales

Question 9

Where is the terminal bud located?

Answer 9

Twig tip

Question 10

What is the main function of the terminal bud?

Answer 10

Growth makes the twig longer

Question 11

What are stipules?

Answer 11

Paired, often leaf-like appendages at base of a leaf

Question 12

______ trees and shrubs, lose all their leaves annually.

Answer 12

Deciduous

Question 13

______ ______ mark food and water conducting tissue within leaf scars.

Answer 13

Bundle scars

Question 14

What are lenticels?

Answer 14

Parenchyma cells in cork for exchange of gases

Question 15

Cells produced by stem meristem become ______ system with branches and leaves.

Answer 15

Shoot

Question 16

True or False: The apical meristem is dormant before growing season begins.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False: The apical meristem is protected by bud scales and by leaf primordia.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the leaf primordia?

Answer 18

Tiny embryonic leaves that develop into mature leaves

Question 19

True or False: Leaf primordia and bud primordia develop into mature leaves and buds.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What are traces?

Answer 20

A strand of xylem and phloem

Question 21

How is a leaf gap or bud gap formed?

Answer 21

Each trace leaves a gap filled with parenchyma in the cylinder of vascular tissue

Question 22

True or False: The narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and primary phloem may become vascular cambium.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is another name for cork cambium?

Answer 23

Phellogen

Question 24

What does the cork cambium produce?

Answer 24

Cork cells with suberin – to the outside Phelloderm (parenchyma-like) cells – to the inside

Question 25

What is the stele?

Answer 25

Central cylinder of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith (if present)

Question 26

______ is the solid core, phloem surrounds xylem found in primitive seed plants, whisk ferns, club mosses and other ferns.

Answer 26

Protostele

Question 27

______ is tubular with pith in center, commonly found in ferns.

Answer 27

Siphonsteles

Question 28

______ are discrete vascular bundles in flowering plants and conifers.

Answer 28

Eusteles

Question 29

What are cotyledons?

Answer 29

Seed leaves attached to embryonic stems

Question 30

What is the function of cotyledons?

Answer 30

Store food needed by young seedling

Question 31

What is the difference in stem for monocots and eudicots?

Answer 31

In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered in the stem. In eudicots, vascular bundles are in a distinct ring

Question 32

______ are plants that die after going from seed to maturity within one growing season.

Answer 32

Annuals

Question 33

What are 3 common characteristics of annuals?

Answer 33

Usually green, herbaceous plants Most monocots are annuals, but many dicots are also annuals. Tissues largely primary

Question 34

Herbaceous dicots have discrete vascular bundles arranged in a ______.

Answer 34

Cylinder

Question 35

True or False: In herbaceous dicotyledons, the vascular cambium arises between primary xylem and primary phloem that adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Wood is ______ xylem.

Answer 36

Secondary

Question 37

One years growth of xylem of woody dicotyledonous stems is know as ______ ring.

Answer 37

Annual

Question 38

True or False: On woody dicotyledonous stems, the vascular cambium produces more secondary phloem than xylem.

Answer 38

False, vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem than phloem

Question 39

True or False: The annual ring on wood can indicated the climate during a tree's liftetime.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What are vascular rays?

Answer 40

Vascular rays are radial strands of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conduction of nutrients and water. Can be xylem rays or phloem rays

Question 41

Whys is spring wood light coloured?

Answer 41

Relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem produced

Question 42

Why is summer wood dark coloured?

Answer 42

Fewer, smaller vessel elements in proportion to tracheids and fibers

Question 43

______ are protrusions of adjacent parenchyma cells into conducting cells of xylem.

Answer 43

Tyloses

Question 44

What is the older, darker wood in the centre?

Answer 44

Heartwood

Question 45

What is the lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to cambium wood?

Answer 45

Sapwood

Question 46

What is the function of tyloses?

Answer 46

Prevent conduction of water

Question 47

______ is the wood of conifers that has no fibres or vessel elements.

Answer 47

Softwood

Question 48

The wood of dicot trees is know as ______.

Answer 48

Hardwood

Question 49

What are resin canals?

Answer 49

Tube-like canals scattered throughout xylem and other tissues

Question 50

Where are resin canals common?

Answer 50

Common in conifers and in some tropical flowering plants

Question 51

______ is all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem

Answer 51

Bark

Question 52

True or False: Mature bark may consist of alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

The ducts found mostly in phloem that have latex-secreting cells is known as ______.

Answer 53

Laticifers

Question 54

Laticifers are commonly found in what 3 items?

Answer 54

Rubber, chicle (chewing gum), morphine

Question 55

True or False: Monocots stems have neither a vascular cambium nor a cork cambium.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

True or False: Monocots produce secondary vascular tissues or cork.

Answer 56

False, They produce no secondary vascular tissues or cork

Question 57

True or False: In a typical monocot vascular bundle, | there are two large vessels with several small vessel.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

In monocot stems, the vascular bundle is surrounded by ______ of ______ cells.

Answer 58

sheath, sclerenchyma

Question 59

______ are horizontal stems that grow below-ground and have long to short internodes commonly found in irises, some grasses, and ferns.

Answer 59

Rhizomes

Question 60

______ are horizontal stems that grow above ground and have long internodes commonly found in strawberries.

Answer 60

Runners

Question 61

What are stolons?

Answer 61

A specialized stem produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions commonly found in potatoes

Question 62

______ are swollen, fleshy underground stems that store food in potatoes.

Answer 62

Tubers

Question 63

______ are large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at lower end that store food commonly found in onions, lilies, hyacinths, tulips.

Answer 63

Bulbs

Question 64

______ resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue, with papery leaves.

Answer 64

Corm

Question 65

What are cladophylls?

Answer 65

Flattened, leaf-like stems | commonly found in greenbriars, some orchids, prickly pear cactus

Question 66

True or False: In a living tree, 50% of the wood weight comes from water content.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

What percents of the dry part of wood are composed of cellulose and lignin.

Answer 67

60-75% cellulose and 15-25% lignin

Question 68

______ cut boards show annual rings in the side view.

Answer 68

Radially

Question 69

______ cut boards are cut perpendicular to rays and show annual rings as irregular bands of light and dark streaks.

Answer 69

Tangentially