Tissues Chapter 4 (Week 2 Lecture 1)

Question 1

A ______ is a group of cells performing a similar function.

Answer 1

Tissue

Question 2

Plants have three or four major groups of organs. They are _____.

Answer 2

Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers

Question 3

What are the 2 tissue types?

Answer 3

Meristematic tissues, Tissues produced by meristems (permannent tissues)

Question 4

What are the 3 types of MERISTEMATIC TISSUES?

Answer 4

apical meristem, lateral meristem, intercalary meristem

Question 5

True or False: In meristematic tissues cells are actively divided, and new cells are typically small, six-sided, box-like structures.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True or False: In meristematic tissues cells have tiny or no vacuoles.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

True or False: In meristematic tissues cells have a small nucleus located near the peripheral of the cell.

Answer 7

False, nucleus is large and central to the cell

Question 8

True or False: As the cells mature, they assume different shapes and sizes related to their ultimate function.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

True or False: As the cells mature, vacuole decreases in size.

Answer 9

False, mature cells often occupying more than 90% of the volume of the cell

Question 10

Primary meristems develop from _____ _______.

Answer 10

Apical meristems

Question 11

What are the 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS?

Answer 11

Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

Question 12

What tissue does the protoderm provide?

Answer 12

Epidermis

Question 13

What tissue does the ground meristem provide?

Answer 13

Ground tissues

Question 14

What tissues does the procambium provide?

Answer 14

Vascular tissue

Question 15

_____ ______ absorb water and nutrients.

Answer 15

Root hairs

Question 16

______ and ______ increase in length as the apical meristems produce new cells (primary growth).

Answer 16

Roots, Shoots

Question 17

What is the purpose of the root cap?

Answer 17

Protects the root

Question 18

Where are apical meristems found?

Answer 18

At the tips of roots and shoots

Question 19

______ ______ produce secondary tissues that increase the girth of roots and stems (secondary growth).

Answer 19

Lateral meristems

Question 20

The lateral meristem consists of the _____ cambium and the ______ cambium.

Answer 20

Vascular and Cork

Question 21

True or False: The vascular cambium produces tissues that function primarily in support and conduction.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the vascular cambium composed of?

Answer 22

Thin cylinder of brick-shaped cells that extends the length of stems and roots

Question 23

True or False: The cork cambium lies inside vascular cambium just inside the outer bark.

Answer 23

False, the cork cambium lies OUTSIDE vascular cambium just INSIDE the outer bark

Question 24

What is the main function of the cork cambium?

Answer 24

Produces bark

Question 25

What type of meristems do not have a vascular cambium or cork cambium?

Answer 25

Grasses and related plants, they have intercalary meristems.

Question 26

Where are intercalary meristems located?

Answer 26

In vicinity of nodes (leaf attachment area)

Question 27

What is the main function of intercalary meristems?

Answer 27

Add length to stem

Question 28

What are the two types of permanent tissues that are produced by meristems?

Answer 28

Simple and complex tissues

Question 29

Simple Tissues consist of only one kind of cell, they include ______, _______, and _______.

Answer 29

parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma

Question 30

True or False: Parenchyma cells are thin, pliable walls, usually 14-sided at maturity, and have living cytoplasm, often containing large vacuoles and various secretions.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or False: Parenchyma cells may remain alive a long time and have no spaces between them.

Answer 31

False, parenchyma have spaces between them

Question 32

What are the two types of parenchyma tissues and cells?

Answer 32

Aerenchyma and chlorenchyma

Question 33

What is aerenchyma tissue and where is it found?

Answer 33

Parenchyma tissue with extensive connected air spaces, usually in aquatic plants for floating e.g. water lily, aquatic plants, for floating

Question 34

What is chlorenchyma tissue and where is it found?

Answer 34

Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts that function in photosynthesis eg. leaves, for photosynthesis

Question 35

If a plant does not have chloroplasts, what does the parenchyma function as?

Answer 35

They function mostly as food or water storage (eg, cactus), | eg. Edible part of fruits

Question 36

True or False: Collenchyma cells are living cytoplasm, | they may remain alive a long time, and cell walls thick with uneven thickness due to extra primary wall in cell.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

True or False: Collenchyma brittle and weak, thus providing no support.

Answer 37

False, They are pliable and strong, thus providing flexible support

Question 38

True or False: Sclerenchyma are thick, tough, secondary walls, normally impregnated with lignin.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

True or False: Sclerenchyma are alive at maturity and function in support.

Answer 39

False, they are dead at maturity and function in support

Question 40

What are the two types of sclerenchyma tissues?

Answer 40

Sclereids and fibers

Question 41

Sclereids are also known as ______ cells. They are ______ around in tissue and are as ______ as ______.

Answer 41

Stone, scattered, long, wide

Question 42

Fibres are longer than wide and contain ______ (tiny cavity).

Answer 42

Lumen

Question 43

What are complex tissues?

Answer 43

Composed of two or more kinds of cells

Question 44

What are the two types of vascular tissues.

Answer 44

Xylem and phloem

Question 45

What is the main function of the xylem?

Answer 45

Chief conducting tissue for water and minerals that are absorbed by the roots

Question 46

What is the xylem composed of?

Answer 46

Parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids and ray cells

Question 47

True or False: They xylem is a living tissue.

Answer 47

False, the xylem is a dead tissue

Question 48

True or False: Vessel elements are dead at maturity and have thick secondary cell walls.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

True or False: Vessel elements are open at each end, but may have perforation plate and may have spiral thickenings on cell walls.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What are tracheids?

Answer 50

Tapered at the ends with pairs of pits that allow water to pass from cell to cell

Question 51

What are pits?

Answer 51

Areas without secondary cell

Question 52

True or False: Tracheids are dead at maturity, have thick secondary cell walls, and may have spiral thickenings on cell walls.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What is the main function of rays?

Answer 53

Function in lateral conduction and food storage

Question 54

What are rays composed of?

Answer 54

Composed of long-lived parenchyma cells

Question 55

What is the main function of the phloem?

Answer 55

Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout plant

Question 56

What is the phloem composed of?

Answer 56

Composed of sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma cells and ray cells

Question 57

True or False: Sieve tube members lack secondary cell walls and nuclei, and lay end to end to form sieve tubes.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

True or False: Sieve tube members have sieve plates with large pores.

Answer 58

False, have sieve plate with small pores

Question 59

What is the purpose of callose in sieve tube members?

Answer 59

Callose forms callus plug that prevents leaking of sieve tube contents when cell injured

Question 60

What is the function of companion cells?

Answer 60

Aid in conduction of food

Question 61

What is the function of the epidermis?

Answer 61

Protective layer that is one cell-layer thick covering all plant organs

Question 62

What is the epidermis composed of?

Answer 62

Composed mostly of parenchyma cells, guard cells of stomata, secretory glands and hairs

Question 63

What is cutin?

Answer 63

Fatty substance on the surface of outer walls of epidermis that forms cuticle

Question 64

What is the purpose of cuticle and wax?

Answer 64

Cuticle and wax prevent water loss by evaporation and also resistant to bacteria and other disease organisms

Question 65

What do root epidermal cells produce?

Answer 65

Root hairs, increase absorptive area of root surface

Question 66

Leaves have ______ bordered by pairs of _____ cells.

Answer 66

Stomata, guard cells

Question 67

What is the function of the periderm?

Answer 67

Replaces epidermis when cork cambium begins producing new tissue

Question 68

What does the periderm form?

Answer 68

Outer bark

Question 69

Periderm is primarily composed of _____ cells.

Answer 69

Cork

Question 70

True or False: The periderm is alive at maturity.

Answer 70

False, the periderm is dead at maturity

Question 71

While still alive, cytoplasm secretes ______ (fatty acid substance into walls that helps make the cork cells waterproof and helps protect the phloem.

Answer 71

Suberin

Question 72

What are lenticels and what do they provide?

Answer 72

Loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells formed by cork cambium that allow for air circulation.

Question 73

What are 5 examples that secretory cells function as in plants?

Answer 73

``` Flower nectar Citrus oils Glandular hair mucilage Latex Resins ```

Question 74

What are 4 examples of complex tissues in plants?

Answer 74

Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) Epidermis Periderm Secretory cells and tissues