STIs Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
List the ABCDEs of preventing the spread of STIs
A
Abstinence Barrier protection Contacts Drug therapy Education and counseling
2
Q
List infections that can facilitate the transmission of HIV
A
Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bacterial vaginosis Genital HSV-1 and HSV-2 Treponema pallidum Haemophilus ducreyi Klebsiella granulomatis Chlamydia trachomatis L1, L2, L3- lymphogranuloma venereum or LGV
3
Q
Chancroid is caused by
A
Haemophilus ducreyi
4
Q
Granuloma inguinale or Donovanosis is caused by
A
Klebsiella granulomatosis
5
Q
List causes of non-gonococcal urethritis in men
A
Chlamydia trachomatis Mycoplasma genitalium Ureaplasma urealyticum Trichomonas vaginalis (uncommon) Enteric GNRs (uncommon, consider if hx of insertive anal intercourse) HSV Unknown- 30% of urethritis
6
Q
Compare and contrast urethritis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae vs non-gonococcal urethritis
A
Gonococcus:
- incubation less than 4 days
- discharge will be profuse and yellow
- dysuria is severe
NGU:
- incubation 7-14 days
- slight grey or clear discharge
- moderate, intermittent dysuria
7
Q
Describe the diagnostic work up for urethritis in men
A
- physical exam
- gram stain of urethral discharge (high sensitivity and specificity if symptomatic)
- urinalysis
- nucleic acid amplification test
8
Q
Describe the gram stain seen in gonococcal urethritis
A
WBCs
Gram negative intraceullular diplococci
9
Q
Describe what is seen on urinalysis in gonococcal urethritis
A
WBCs and positive for leukocyte esterase
Must be first a.m. voided urine
10
Q
All patients empirically treated for gonococcus should also be treated for _______
A
chlamydia
11
Q
How can non-gonococcal urethritis be treated?
A
Azithromycin 1x po
Doxycycline bid 7 days
12
Q
Other than medication, what measures must be taken to treat urethritis?
A
- Abstain from sex for 7 days
- partner notification and testing (partners within last 60 days)
- test for STDs including HIV, syphilis
- test of cure not recommended
- follow up testing in 3-6 months
13
Q
What is a complication of Chlamydia trachomatis in men?
A
epididymitis
reactive arthritis
14
Q
List causes of mucopurulent cervicitis in women
A
gonococcal: Neisseria gonorrhoaea
non-gonococcal: Chlamydia trachomatus Mycoplasma genitalium Trichomonas vaginalis bacterial vaginosis HSV1 and HSV2 frequent douching
15
Q
What are common presentations of mucopurulent cervicitis in women?
A
often asymptomatic
abnormal vaginal discharge
intermenstrual bleeding
bleeding after intercourse
16
Q
What are the two main diagnostic features of mucopurulent cervicitis in women?
A
- Purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate visible in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab
- sustained endocervical bleeding induced by gentle passage of a cotton swab through the cervical os
17
Q
In general, in mucopurulent cervicitis, endocervical bleeding is (painful/ painless)
A
painless
pain suggests diagnosis of PID
18
Q
All women who seek medical attention for cervicitis must also be evaluated for _____
A
PID
Cervicitis can be a sign of upper genital tract disease
19
Q
In a women with cervicitis, what other conditions should be tested for?
A
PID
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae with sensitive and specific testing- NAAT of cervical specimins
Trichomonas vaginalis by microscopy and culture
Bacterial vaginosis
Other STIs- HIV, syphilis
20
Q
What is a complication of cervicitis in women?
A
PID
21
Q
Pregnant women can pass Chlamydia trachomatis to their infant during delivery, causing _________ or _______
A
neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis/ opthalmia neonatorium
or
neonatal C. trachomatis pneumonia
22
Q
__________ is the most common bacterial STI in the US
A
Chlamydia trachomatis
23
Q
Who should be screened annually for chlamydia?
A
Sexually active women < 25 years old
Highest rates of infection in men and women 14-24 years old
24
Q
Why are teens and younger women at increased risk of contracting chlamydia?
A
The cervix is not fully mature
25
What cells can be infected by chlamydia?
- squamocolumnar cells of the endocervix and upper genital tract
- epithelial cells in the urethra and rectum
- epididymal cells
- conjunctival cells and pulmonary columnar cells of neonates
26
Up to 70% of women have asymptomatic ______ infection
chlamydia
27
List complications of chlamydia infection in men
epididymitis
prostatitis
reactive arthritis
28
List complications of chlamydia infection in women
PID
tubal infertility
ectopic pregnancy
chronic pelvic pain
29
Contrast how proctitis occurs from chlamydia in MSM vs in women
MSM- direct inoculation
| women- secondary spread from cervical secretions
30
True or false: infection with chlamydia can cause impaired fertility in men
false, only in women
31
List complications of chlamydia infection in pregnancy
- neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis/ opthalmia neonatorium (develops within 12 days of birth)
- neonatal trachomatis pneumonia (develops within 8 weeks)
32
How are neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis and C. trachomatis pneumonia due to chlamydia treated?
Systemic antibiotics
33
How can neonatal chlamydia infection be prevented?
Perinatal screening
34
List specimens that can be used to diagnose chlamydia infection by NAAT
men: urethral swab
women: endocervical swab, vaginal swab
both: urine, rectal swab
35
What groups should be routinely screened for chlamydia?
sexually active women < 25
women with high risk factors
all pregnant women
** high risk men presenting to STI clinics, correctional facilities, etc
36
How is chlamydia treated?
azithromycin 1 dose
| doxycycline bid for 7 days
37
_________ is the second most common bacterial STI in the US
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
38
Describe symptoms of gonococcal urethritis in men
onset 4 days after exposure
| most men are symptomatic- purulent discharge, dysuria
39
Describe symptoms of gonococcal cervicitis in women
very often asymptomatic, possible bleeding with intercourse
40
List complications of gonococcus in men
epididymitis
| disseminated gonococcal infection
41
List complications of gonococcus in women
```
PID
disseminated gonococcal infection
tubal infertility
ectopic pregnancy
chronic pelvic pain
```
42
List the two syndromes that comprise disseminated gonococcal infection
1. arthritis/ dermatitis syndrome- migratory, additive arthritis and cutaneous papules and pustules on the extremities
2. gonococcal septic arthritis
43
List complications of gonococcal infection in pregnancy
opthalmia neonatorum, conjunctivitis within 2 days of delivery- can be prevented at birth with erythromycin ointment- contrast to chlamydia
other complications: scalp abscess, meningitis, bacterial sepsis
44
List samples that can be used for diagnosis of gonococcal infection
NAAT: urine, vaginal swab, endocervical swab, urethral swab
Culture: rectal swab, pharyngeal swab
45
What groups should be targeted for gonococcal screening?
high risk
46
How is gonococcus treated?
First Line
- Ceftriaxone IM 1 dose PLUS azithromycin 1 dose
- Ceftriaxone IM 1 dose PLUS doxycycline bid for 7 days
Alternatives:
- cefixime 1 dose plus azithromycin 1 dose
- cefixime 1 dose plus doxycycline bid for 7 days
* *increasing resistance against cefixime so must test for cure with those regimens within 1 week of therapy
47
List risk factors for PID
```
teens
multiple sexual partners
new sexual partner
prior PID
IUD insertion
douching
```
48
Describe the pathogenesis of PID
Polymicrobial infection, direct extension of microorganisms from the vagina or endocervix to upper reproductive
structure leads to scar tissue formation
Scar tissue blocks normal movement of egg from falopian tube to uterus, leading to infertility or ectopic pregnancy
49
List symptoms of PID
```
lower abdominal pain
fever
vaginal discharge with foul odor
painful intercourse
dysuria
intermenstrual bleeding
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome of upper quadrant peri-hepatitis
```
50
How is PID diagnosed?
Clinical suspicion is key
- cervical motion tenderness, uterine tenderness, adnexal tenderness
AND
- presence of WBCs in vaginal secretions or mucopurulent cervicitis
Supportive findings: bacterial vaginosis, fever, elevated ESR or CRP
51
How is PID treated?
broad spectrum antibiotics including activity against Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae as well as strep, GNRs, anaerobes
testing for HIV, syphilis
52
What are sequelae of PID?
ectopic pregnancy
| chronic pelvic pain
53
How can PID be prevented?
screening for chlamydia
54
_________ is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in the US
bacterial vaginosis
55
Describe the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis
Replacement of lactobacillus (produce H2O2) with anaerobic bacteria
Can be a risk factor for acquisition of other STIs and post-operative infections
56
List risk factors for bacterial vaginosis
```
Multiple male or female sexual partners
New sex partner
Lack of condom use
Douching
Lack of vaginal Lactobacillus sp.
```
**BV increases the risk for acquisition of HIV, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, HSV 2
57
Describe clinical exam findings in bacterial vaginosis
white or grey discharge with fishy odor
wall contains grey homogenous discharge
no inflammation of vaginal wall or cervix and no tenderness (BV does not cause PID, cervicitis, or cervical/ uterine/ adnexal tenderness, if inflammation is present there are two diagnoses)
58
How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?
Must meet 3 of 4
- homogenous thin white discharge with fishy odor
- positive whiff test with 10% KOH
- vaginal pH > 4.5
- wet mount of vaginal fluid shows clue cells (epithelial cells coated with coccobacilli)
59
How is bacterial vaginosis treated?
Metronidazole or clindamycin
| avoid intercourse
60
What are complications of bacterial vaginosis?
Increased risk of other STIs
Increased risk of post-op complications
Can cause PROM, early labor, preterm birth, postpartum endometritis
61
List 5 infectious causes of genital ulcers
```
Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid)
Klebsiella granulomatis (donovanosis)
Chlamydia trachomatis L1, L2, L3 (LGV)
Treponema palladum (syphilis)
HSV
```
62
Describe the epidemiology of HSV
50 million people with genital infection, 1/5 adolescents and adults
more common in women
63
HSV-1 replicates in the _____ ganglia; HSV-2 replicates in the _____ ganglia
HSV1 in trigeminal
| HSV2 in sacral
64
Describe the pathophysiology of genital HSV infection
HSV penetrates mucosal surfaces to replicate in the epidermis and dermis. The virus enters nerve cells, is transported within the neuron to bodies of ganglia
After initial infection, the virus
remains latent in the ganglia (episomal, not integrated into the host DNA).
During reactivation, the virus spreads to skin and mucosal surfaces by peripheral sensory nerves, which can result in asymptomatic shedding or formation of new blisters.
65
Describe primary HSV infection, non-primary first episodes, and recurrence
Primary: symptomatic or asymptomatic infection with no antibodies developed
Non-primary first episode: fever, headache, malaise, myalgia with local ulcers and adenopathy
Recurrence: subsequent episodes tend to be milder, resolve faster, and decline over 5+ years
66
How are HSV1 and HSV2 diagnosed?
PCR
Serologic assays
cell culture- cytopathic effect, lower sensitivity than PCR
Tzanck prep- giant cells with inclusions, not specific
67
How is genital herpes treated?
Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir.
All people get therapy for first episode
Then can chose episodic or suppressive therapy
68
What are complications of HSV in pregnancy?
Greatest risk if HSV is acquired during pregnancy
Neonatal transmission via infected vaginal secretions during birth
Prevention: acyclovir starting at 36 weeks, avoid intercourse with positive partners during 3rd trimester; delivery by Cesarean if lesions are present at delivery
69
Syphilis is caused by ______
treponema pallidum, a spirochete
70
Describe the pathogenesis of syphilis
T. pallidum penetrates mucous membranes then enters the bloodstream and lymphatics to widely disseminate throughout the body. Disseminated disease lasts until a sufficient immune response develops to control T. pallidum replication.
The incubation period is directly proportional to the size of the inoculum and clinical lesions appear when 10^7 organisms/ mg tissue
71
The pathologic lesion characteristic for all stages of syphilis is _____
obliterative endarteritis
72
Describe the stages of syphilis
1. Primary syphilis: development of chancre at sit of inoculation with painless lymphadenopathy
2. Secondary syphilis: constitutional symptoms plus rash (palms and soles), condyloma lata, mucous patches, alopecia, syphilitic rash
Latent syphilis: symptoms disappear. In early syphilis, there can be relapses of mucocutaneous symptoms but no relapses in late latent syphilis
3. Tertiary syphilis: involvement of neural and vascular tissue, gummatous local tissue damage
73
List complications of congenital syphilis
Greatest risk early in infection when there is spirochetemia
| late abortion, still birth, neonatal death, neonatla disease
74
How is syphilis diagnosed?
Serology, PCR
Two different serologic methods must be used for diagnosis
- nontreponemal: VDRL, RPR, used to monitor response to therapy; will decline with therapeutic success
- treponemal: TPA-ABS, TPPA, TPHA, MHA-TP; used as confirmation of diagnosis and will remain positive for life
75
How is syphilis treated?
penicillin
- 1 IM dose if Primary, secondary, early latent
- 1x weekly doses for late latent, tertiary
- IV for neurosyphilis
76
The etiologic agent of granuloma inguinale (also known as Donovanosis) is _______, which is an encapsulated gram-negative rod that infects mononuclear cells
Klebsiella granulomatis
77
Describe the presentation of granuloma inguinale
The initial lesion is a small, painless papule or nodule that begins within 1-3 months after sexual exposure and develops into a beefy red, granulomatous ulcer with rolled edges and bleeds easily on contact
Lesions are NOT painful and there is no lyphadenopathy or bubo formation
78
How is granuloma inguinale diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis based on clinical presentation, biopsy shows Donovan bodies in mononuclear cells
Tx= doxycyclin bid for ~3 weeks until lesions heal
79
________ are the etiologic agents of lymphogranuloma venerum
Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1, L2, L3
80
Describe the stages of lymphogranuloma venereum
Primary stage: painless papule or pustule that develops into an ulcer that is often unnoticed
and resolves on its own (painless, self-limited ulcer).
Secondary stage: Painful inguinal of femoral lymphadenopathy (bubo) that is usually
unilateral, can be above and below the inguinal ligament (groove sign)
Tertiary stage: chronic inflammation of untreated infection leads to fibrosis of tissues and obstruction of lymphatics (elephantiasis) and widespread destruction of external genitalia
81
How is lymphogranuloma venereum diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis: presentation and serology, aspiration of bubo
Tx= doxycyclin bid for 21 days
82
Which serotypes of HPV are high risk for cancer? Which cause genital warts?
16 and 18 are oncogneic
| 6 and 11 cause cancer
83
Describe the pathogenesis of genital warts
HPV DNA does NOT integrate into the host genome and replicates as extrachromosomal DNA in the nucleus of infected keratinocytes. HPV
infection begins with entry into the basal keratinocytes of the stratum basale. As the basal
cells divide, differentiate and progress to the surface, HPV replicates and induces
excessive proliferation of non-basal epithelial layers (e.g. stratum spinosum, stratum
granulosum, stratum corneum) to result in warts.
84
Describe the pathogenesis of HPV malignancy
HPV DNA is generally integrated into the host genome and induces basal cells to undergo excessive replication, which results in accumulation of deleterious mutations that result in dysplasia and progression to
malignancy
85
What is a complication of infection with HPV during childbirth?
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP): occurs following inhalation of HPV-infected secretions during childbirth
result in altered cry, hoarseness, stridor and respiratory distress.
Most common HPV
genotypes to cause RRP= 6 and 11.
86
List treatments for genital warts
Patient applied: imiquimod, podofilox, sinectachin
Provider administrated: liquid nitrogen, podophyllin, trichloroacetic acid, bichloroacetic acid, surgical
Prevention: 2 vaccine options (quadrivalent and bivalent)
87
What is appropriate treatment for pediculosis pubis?
Pubic lice
permethrin cream + decontamination of bedding and clothing
evaluate for other STIs
88
_______ is usually sexually transmitted in adults but not in children
Sarcoptes scabiei- scabies
89
What is appropriate treatment of scabies?
Permethrin cream + decontamination of bedding and clothing
90
List the 5 P's of taking a sexual history
```
Partners
Practices
Protection from STDs
Past history of STDs
Prevention of pregnancy
```
91
In chlamydia infection, the _____ body is the infectious particle that infects the cell. The ______ body replicates within the cell. The ____ body assembles and exits the cell
Elementary body- enters and exits
| Reticulate body- replicates within the cell
