STRUCTURAL Flashcards by Candice Mae Pableo

Branch of engineering that deals with external forces of rigid bodies

ENGINEERING MECHANICS

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Study of external forces applied on rigid bodies at rest before or after applied force

STATICS

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Study of external forces applied to a body inducing motion

DYNAMICS

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State where resultant of force acts on a body vanishes

EQUILIBRIUM

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state where both resultant force and resultant couple is zero

EQUILIBRIUM

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Force with magnitude and direction

VECTOR UNIT

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Force with magnitude but with no direction

SCALAR UNIT

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Amount of force

MAGNITUDE

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Orientation of the force

DIRECTION

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Force applied at a specific point

CONCENTRATED FORCE

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What force acts on a column?

CONCENTRATED FORCE

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Force acting on a narrow area at a line

LINEAR FORCE

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What force acts on a beam?

LINEAR FORCE

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Force of one body acting on another in an area

SURFACE FORCE

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What force acts on a slab?

SURFACE FORCE

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Force referring to body weight

BODY FORCE

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Load imposed at the point

POINT LOAD

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Series of concentrated loads with uniform magnitude

UNIFORM LOAD

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Series of concentrated loads with varying magnitude

VARYING LINE LOAD

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Foces acting in the same direction but do not converge at the common point

PARALLEL FORCE

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Set of forces on a single plane

COPLANAR FORCES

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Set of forces having all its directions converge at the common point

CONCURRENT FORCES

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Representative force of the cumulative effects of forces

RESULTANT FORCE

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Reactive force developed by a body on which a force or system of force acts

REACTION

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Branch of engineering that deals with internal effects of forces on the body

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Act of shortening or state of pushing together

COMPRESSION

Act of stretching or state of pulling apart

TENSION

Deformation by slippage along plane/s parallel to imposed stress

SHEARING

Having both tension and compression on the cross section of a body

BENDING

The twisting effect to a cross section

TORSION

Forces done along longitudinal axis of the length of material

AXIAL FORCES

Stress that develops to resist axial force

AXIAL STRESS

The unit strength of an element

STRESS

The unit deformation of material subjected to an applied load

STRAIN

Rotation of force

MOMENT

Center of mass

CENTROID

The tendency of the material to resist any stress based on its shape alone

MOMENT OF INERTIA

The internal friction of a structural element

SHEARING

What structural element is mostly subjected to compression?

COLUMN

What structural element is mostly subjected to tension?

CABLE & TRUSS

What structural element is mostly subjected to bending?

BEAM SLAB FOOTING

What structural element is subjected to shearing?

BEAM FOOTING

For cantilever beams, where is tension acting on the member?

TOP

For cantilever beams, where is compression acting on the member?

BOTTOM

What structural element of the beam resists shearing stress?

STIRRUPS

Lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stress of the beam

STRESS TRAJECTORIES

Instrument to measure in minute deformation

STRAIN GAUGE/EXTENSOMETER

Also known as Hooke's Law

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

the limit where stress is directly proportional to strain

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

the limit beyond which the material will no longer return to its original shape when road is removed

ELASTIC LIMIT

the point where a material will have an elongation or yielding without any increase in load

YIELD POINT

the maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram

ULTIMATE STRENGTH

The strength of material at rupture

RUPTURE STRENGTH

Region in stress-strain diagram from point of origin to the proportional limit

ELASTIC RANGE

Region in the stress-strain diagram from proportional limit to rupture strength

PLASTIC RANGE

The ratio between the unit stress and unit deformation caused by stress

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY/YOUNG'S MODULUS

The ability of the material to absorb energy without creating permanent distortion

MODULUS OF RESILLIENCE

The ability to absorb energy without causing it to break

MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS

the area under stress-strain curve from point of origin to Elastic Limit

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE

Area under stress-strain curve from point of origin to Rupture strength

MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS

Property that enables deformity on applied force and recovers after removing force

ELASTICITY

Property that enables material to deform under tensile load

DUCTILITY

Ability to deform under compressive strength

MALLEABILITY

Ability to absorb energy before rupturing

TOUGHNESS

Ratio between shearing stress and shearing strain

SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY / MODULUS OF RIGIDITY / MODULUS OF TORSION

Ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching force

POISSON'S RATIO

Behavior of an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material

STRAIN RATE EFFECT

the brittle behavior low temperature can cause in normally ductile material

TEMPERATURE EFFECT

temporary change in body shape produced by stress less than the elastic limit of the material

ELASTIC DEFORMATION

Inelastic strain in a material

PERMANENT SET

Gradual permanent deformation produced by continuous application of loads

CREEP

Time-dependent decrease in strength capacity in a constrained material

STRESS RELAXATION

Failure to maintain elastic limit subjected to repeated series of stress

FATIGUE

A bar subject to forces or couples from a plane containing the longitudinal section of the bar

BEAM

what beam support has only 1 reaction?

ROLLER

what beam support has 2 reactions?

PIN/HINGE CONNECTION

What beam support has vertical and horizontal reactions?

PIN/HINGE CONNECTION

What beam support has 3 reactions?

FIXED SUPPORT

what beam support has vertical, horizontal, & moment reactions?

FIXED SUPPORT

What do you call a beam with ≤ 2 reactions?

UNSTABLE BEAM

What do you call a beam with 3 reactions?

STABLE & DETERMINATE

what do you call a beam with > 3 reactions?

STABLE & INDETERMINATE

A one end fixed projecting beam

CANTILEVER BEAM

A beam with simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance

SIMPLE BEAM

A simple beam extending beyond one of its supports

OVERHANGING BEAM

what beam reduces positive moment at midspan while developing negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the support?

OVERHANGING BEAM

what beam is simply supported at one end and fixed at other end?

PROPPED BEAM

what beam extends more than 2 supports?

CONTINUOUS BEAM

Determine whether statically determinate or indeterminate: Cantilever Beam

STATICALLY DETERMINATE

Determine whether statically determinate or indeterminate: Simple Beam

STATICALLY DETERMINATE

Determine whether statically determinate or indeterminate: Overhanging Beam

STATICALLY DETERMINATE

Determine whether statically determinate or indeterminate: Propped Beam

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

Determine whether statically determinate or indeterminate: Fixed End Beam

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

Determine whether statically determinate or indeterminate: Continuous Beam

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAM

A graphic representation of the variation of magnitude of external shears present in the structure

SHEAR DIAGRAM

What is the normal beam-to-beam support of bldgs?

FIXED END BEAM

what beam supports are used in bridges to accommodate vibration?

SIMPLE BEAM

A graphic representation of magnitude of bending moment present in structures

MOMENT DIAGRAM

The point in which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vice versa as it deflects under a transverse load

INFLECTION POINT

A slab supported on two opposite sides only

ONE WAY SLAB

A slab in which main reinforcements are provided only in one direction

ONE WAY SLAB

A slab where the ratio of longer span panel to shorter span panel is ≥2

ONE WAY SLAB

A slab supported on four sides

TWO WAY SLAB

A slab in which main reinforcements are provided in both directions

TWO WAY SLAB

A slab in which the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span is <2

TWO WAY SLAB

A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams

FLAT SLAB

A two way ribbed floor of equally spaced ribs, supported by columns

WAFFLE SLAB

A one way ribbed floor of equally spaced ribs, supported by columns

RIBBED SLAB

A column that fails due to crushing

SHORT COLUMN

A column that fails due to buckling

LONG COLUMN

A column whose ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension is ≤12

SHORT COLUMN

A column whose ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension is >12

LONG COLUMN

A column that fails both on crushing and buckling

INTERMEDIATE COLUMN

A footing that supports a single column that are not closely spaced, footing loads are less, & safe bearing capacity of soil is generally high

ISOLATED FOOTING

A footing used when two columns are close together causing an overlap of adjacent isolated footing and the soil bearing capacity is low

COMBINED FOOTING

A type of combined footing where 2 or more column footings are connected by beam

STRAP FOOTING

A footing used for large bldgs and soil bearing capacity is low

MAT FOOTING

A footing used when column loads are heavy and differential settlement for single footings are very large or must be reduced

MAT FOOTING

Analyzing trusses by joint to joint method

METHOD OF JOINTS

Analyzing trusses by cutting truss into two

METHOD OF SECTIONS

What is an artificial stone formed by the mixture of hydraulic cement, water, fine, & coarse aggregates, with or without admixtures?

CONCRETE

main component of concrete that changes in concrete strength

WATER

What is an admixture that hastens hardening rate and/or initial setting time of concrete?

ACCELERATOR

what is an admixture that slows setting rate of concrete?

RETARDER

what is used to measure concrete's workability and fluidity?

SLUMP

It measures concrete's consistency & stiffness?

SLUMP

A slump where more water was used, acceptable for beams & columns

COLLAPSE SLUMP

most acceptable type of slump

TRUE SLUMP

A one sides slump, not allowed in construction

SHEAR TYPE OF SLUMP

What is the top diameter of a slump mold?

120mm/4"

what is the base diameter of a slump mold?

203 mm/8"

what is the height/altitude of a slump mold?

305mm/ 12"

A result of pre-stressing, straightens when load is applied

CAMBER

what is the appropriate length of beam where post-tension is applied?

>30m

the most conservative and safest way to distribute loads

TRIBUTARY AREA

What footing is used when one column carries heavier load compared to the other column?

TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING

A beam used to tie one column do another column

TIE BEAM

A beam used to tie one footing to another footing

STRAP BEAM

what are examples of gravity loads?

DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD

what are examples of lateral loads?

WIND LOAD SEISMIC LOAD

Beam design where concrete and steel fails simultaneously

BALANCED DESIGN

Beam design where steel fails prior to concrete

UNDER REINFORCED DESIGN

Beam design where concrete fails prior to steel

OVER REINFORCED DESIGN

Beam design used in actual design and analysis

UNDER REINFORCED DESIGN

what beam design is used where main reinforcement is provided only in the tension zone?

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

what beam design is used when beams are restricted by space or aesthetic requirements to such extent the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry compression?

DOUBLE REINFORCED BEAM

what beam design requires the additional support of the area of the slab to become part of the beam thus having an extra width at the top that is under compression?

T-BEAM

Another type of beam failure other than bending failure which can occur without warning

SHEAR FAILURE

The embedment necessary to assure that the bar can be stressed to its yield point with some reserved to ensure member toughness

BAR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

What is the minimum concrete cover of cast-in-place concrete permanently exposed to earth?

75mm

What is the minimum concrete cover for concrete exposed to weather with a 20mm-36mm dia. bar?

50mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of concrete exposed to weather with a 16mm dia bar or smaller?

40mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of slabs, walls, & joists with 42mm-58mm dia bars not exposed to weather?

40mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of slabs, walls, & joists with a 36mm dia bar or smaller not exposed to weather?

20mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of beams and columns not exposed to weather?

40mm

How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement constructed?

90-degree bend, plus 12db extension at free end of bar

How is a 180 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement constructed?

180-degree bend, plus 4db extension at free end of bar

How is a 135 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement constructed?

135-degree bend, plus 6db at free end of bar

what is the maximum clear distance between longitudinal bars for column ties?

< 150mm

when should you add additional bars/supports for Iongitudinal bars in column ties?

spacing is > 150mm

Spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed how many Iongitudinal bar diameter?

16 LONGITUDINAL BAR DIAMETER

Spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed how many tie bar diameter?

48 TIE BAR DIAMETER

what is the size of lateral ties and stirrups for 32mm longitudinal bars or smaller?

10mm

what is the size of lateral ties and stirrups for 36mm longitudinal bars or larger?

12mm

what is the size of lateral ties and stirrups for bundled longitudinal bars?

12mm

Any rock, natural soil, or fill on any combination

EARTH MATERIAL

In-place solid or altered rock

BEDROCK

Earth material from an off-site location for use in grading on a site

BORROW

the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of wind and water

EROSION

Mechanical removal of earth material

EXCAVATION

Deposit of earth material placed by artificial means

FILL

Extent of surface conditions on completion of grading

AS GRADED

Relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed

BENCH

Densification of a fill by mechanical or chemical means

COMPACTION

Refers to the investigation, evaluation, and design of civil works involving the use of earth materials and foundations and inspection or testing of the construction thereof

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

A discipline of civil engineering that deals with the analysis and design of structures that support on resist loads ensuring the safety of the structures against natural forces

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

The reduction of capability of a structural system or component to such a degree that it cannot safely serve its intended purpose

STRUCTURAL FAILURE

What structural failure is most avoided?

CATASTROPHIC FAILURE WITH LOSS OF LIFE

Forces or other actions that result from weight or all bldg materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes

LOADS

Loads where variations over time are rare and of small magnitude

PERMANENT LOADS

weight of all materials and fixed equipment in the bidg

DEAD LOAD

How much is the density of reinforced concrete?

2400 kg/m3 23.6 kN/m3

How much is the density of steel?

7850 kg/m3 77.1 kN/m3

Loads produced by use & occupancy of bldg that do not include dead loads

LIVE LOADS

Loads that involve unusual vibration and impact forces

IMPACT LOADS

structural system w/o a complete vertical load-carrying space frame

BEARING WALL SYSTEM

wall that carries live load and dead load

BEARING WALL SYSTEM

what is the thickness of a load bearing wall?

150mm

what is the thickness of a non-load bearing wall?

100 mm

A vertical truss system of concentric or eccentric type provided to resist lateral forces

BRACED FRAME

Total design lateral force or shear at the base

BASE SHEAR

summation of design lateral forces above the story under consideration

STORY SHEAR

horizontal deflection at the top of the story relative to the bottom of the story

STORY DRIFT

Story drift divided by the story height

STORY DRIFT RATIO

secondary effect on shears and moments of structural members due to the action of the vertical loads induced by horizontal displacement of the structure resulting from various loading conditions

P-DELTA

what is a story with less than 70% lateral stiffness of story above?

SOFT STORY

what is a story with less than 80% story strength of story above?

WEAK STORY

part of structural system designed to resist seismic forces

LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING FRAMES

Frame in w/c members & joints resist forces by flexure (or bending)

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

Horizontal system that transmit lateral forces to vertical resisting elements

DIAPHRAGM

A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall

SHEAR WALL

A wall that carries earthquake loads down to the foundation

SHEAR WALL

Shoring or support shall be adequately designed to protect against collapse of excavations exceeding?

1.50m in depth

what is the minimum Maximum Dry Density a compacted fill of 20cm in thickness should achieve before compacting next layer?

90% maximum density

what is the minimum required boreholes for structures with a footprint area of ≤50sqm?

what is the minimum required boreholes for structures with a footprint area of >50sqm but ≤500sqm?

what is the minimum required boreholes for structures with a footprint area of >500sqm?

2+ (A/1000)

A pair of forces, equal in magnitude, oppositely directed, and displaced by perpendicular distances

COUPLE

A slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflection

CAMBER

For flat slab construction, when additional loading is imposed on the slab, what is prevented when the section at the column is thickened?

PUNCHING SHEAR

A tension member used to limit the deflection of a girt or purlin in the direction of its weak axis or to limit the sag in angle bracing

SAG ROD

also the real capacity of the material

NOMINAL CAPACITY

the strength used for structural design

ULTIMATE CAPACITY

The real load carried by the structure

LOAD/NOMINAL LOAD

the reduction factor used for flexure without axial or bending

0.90

The reduction factor used for shearing & torsion

0.85

The reduction factor for axial compression of column (ties)

0.70

The reduction factor for axial compression of column (spiral)

0.75

the design consideration for actual design and is the most appropriate

UNDER REINFORCED DESIGN

What is ASTM?

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING & MATERIALS

The ASTM standard specification for carbon structural steel is?

ASTM A36

what does 36 mean in ASTM A36?

YIELD STRENGTH

The ASTM Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes and Sheet Piling

ASTM A6

The ASTM Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength

ASTM A325

It is a beam, usually made of structural steel, with two horizontal flanges connected by a vertical web at the middle of the flanges.

I-BEAM

What do you call the horizontal part of an I-Beam?

FLANGE

Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances; Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances.

HAZARDOUS FACILITIES

Occupancy having surgery and emergency treatment areas, fire and police stations, garage and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft. Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES

It is in the structural plan which includes, beam and slab designation, columns terminated at a particular floor should be hatched

FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

It is in the structural plan which includes, property line, footing and column designations, location of walls with wall footings, slab on fill thickness and rebar spacing, scale consistent with floor plan scale

FOUNDATION PLAN

It is part of the structural plan which includes, excavation notes including soil bearing capacity, construction notes and design criteria, notes on rebars and structural steel and notes requiring shop drawings

GENERAL NOTES

It is in the structural plan which includes, roof beams, truss, rafters, bracings designations

ROOF FRAMING PLAN

This type of load can be computed accurately

DEAD LOAD

A wall designed to resist the lateral displacement of soil or other materials

RETAINING WALL

Part of any wall entirely above the roof line.

PARAPET WALL

Is a combination of moment resisting frames and shear walls or braced frame

DUAL SYSTEM

It is a member with a ratio of height-to-least lateral dimension less than or equal to three used to primarily to support axial compressive load

PEDESTAL

It is a method of prestressing in which prestressing reinforcement is tensioned after concrete has hardened

POST-TENSIONING

It is a method of prestressing in which prestressing reinforcement is tensioned before concrete is cast

PRE-TENSIONING

What is the temporary force exerted by a device that introduce tension into a pre-stressing tendons?

JACKING FORCE

A Gap between building elements that allows them to move with expansion due to changes in temperature or moisture

EXPANSION GAP

A Gap between buildings that allow them to move during an earthquake

SEISMIC GAP

It is a phenomenon whereby soil substantially loses its strength usually due to an earthquake and acts like a fluid

LIQUEFACTION

When do you get samples for a Slump Test?

AT THE MIDDLE OF MIXER DISCHARGE

Honey comb in concrete can be limited by the use of?

CONCRETE VIBRATOR

The ratio of Lateral Strain/Longitudinal Strain

POISSON'S RATIO

A structural member whose function is to transfer the loads from a building safely into the ground

FOOTINGS

It is the Ultimate Bearing Capacity divided by a factor of safety. However, in certain situations, usually on soft soil sites, large settlements may occur under loaded foundations without actual shear failure occurring. In such cases "this" is based on the allowable settlement

ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY

What supports the Shear Wall?

FOOTINGS

What is poured after drilling a hole for bored Piles?

CONCRETE

It is a formed, sawed or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure

CONTRACTION JOINT

When laying concrete, it is sometimes not possible to pour in one setting. It can be due to weather, time constraints, lack of materials or even by design. Hence, there will now be a separation between old and newly poured concrete once concrete pouring resumes. What do you call this?

CONSTRUCTION JOINT

It allows the independent movement between adjoining structural members in order to prevent cracks. It allows for thermal expansion and contraction

EXPANSION JOINT

An undesirable discontinuity in concrete that occurs when a layer of concrete hardens before the rest of the concrete is poured in what is meant to be a single, solid mass

COLD JOINT

The main bars for cantilevered slabs are located at?

TOP

what is the ratio of the longer span (L) to the shorter span (B) of a two-way slab?

L/B<2

what is the ratio of the longer span (L) to the shorter span (B) of a one-way slab?

L/B≥2

Large beams supporting a smaller beam is called?

GIRDER

Rapid hardening cement is also called?

EARLY SETTING CEMENT

When is soil testing done?

DURING SITE INVESTIGATION

For the Geotechnical Evaluation (Soil Boring Test) of a jobsite, ASTM requires that a Standard Penetration Test (SPT) be performed every?

1.50m

Up to what depth should a Soil Boring Test be done?

BEDROCK

The minimum number of storeys (for buildings with an occupancy more than 10) before a geotechnical report is recommended in order to evaluate in-situ soil properties for foundation design and analysis

TWO

What do you call a column that is not aligned to a lower floor column?

PLANTED COLUMN

The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces is?

BOND STRESS

The sharp bending or buckling when a column is loaded heavily is called?

CRIPPLING

Reinforcing bars put in contact to act as a unit is called?

BUNDLED BARS

the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other

FRICTION

The gradual downward movement of an engineering structure due to compression of the soil below the foundation

SETTLEMENT

The ability of soil to allow water to flow through it

PERMEABILITY

What is the most important determinant of concrete strength

WATER

It is the Depth below ground Water level multiplied by the Weight of Water

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

What do you call the Upward Force acting on Spread Footing?

SOIL BEARING PRESSURE

In Reinforced Concrete Beams, which portion is under Tension?

BOTTOM

Structural elements that resists axial loads

COLUMN

Structural elements that resists axial and flexural loads

BEAM-COLUMN

For stairs, the load rests on the?

STRINGER

Driven Piles of uniform section shall have a minimum nominal outside diameter of ?

200mm

What equipment is used for Pile Driving?

PILE HAMMER

Where can we stop pouring ready mixed concrete on slab if the pouring cannot be done in one setting?

MIDDLE THIRD OF THE SLAB

On Concrete Pouring of Beams and Slabs, which should be poured first with one-day interval?

BEAM FIRST

What will transmit the loads of the structure to the piles?

PILE CAP

What do you call the underlying structure forming the foundation of a building or other structure?

SUBSTRUCTURE

An instrument used to measure velocity & acceleration of an earthquake

ACCELEROGRAPH

What do you call bars that are perpendicular to the Main Reinforcement of slabs on fill where they prevent cracking due to contraction brought about by shrinkage and temperature changes?

TEMPERATURE BARS

What forces does a Curtain Wall resist?

ITS OWN WEIGHT PLUS WIND LOAD

A complete record of test of materials and of concrete shall be available for inspection during the progress of work and _______ years after completion of the project and shall be preserved by the inspecting engineer or architect for that purpose, (NSCP 403.20)

2 YEARS

What is the minimum cantilevered slab thickness?

L/10

What is the minimum 1-way slab thickness which is simply supported at the ends only?

L/20

What is the minimum 1-way slab thickness for a one end continuous slab?

L/24

What is the minimum 1-way slab thickness for a both ends continuous slab?

L/28

Is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure

MOMENT RESISTING FRAME

Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the excavation shall notify in writing the owner of the adjoining building not less than _____days before such excavation is to be made. (NSCP 302.2.4)

10 days

piles on firm ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____ below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)

1.50m

piles on soft ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____M below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)

3.0m

Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES

Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings fall to what type of occupancy?

MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPANCY

Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more students fall to what type of occupancy?

SPECIAL OCCUPANCY

Buildings or structures therein housing and supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances fall to what type of category?

HAZARDOUS FACILITIES

The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load only. (NSCP 107.2.2)

L/360

The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load and live load only.

L/240

Hospitals, Communication Centers, and others, which are necessary for emergency post-earthquake operations, are classified as what type of occupancy?

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES

The upward pressure against the bottom of the basement floor of a structure or road slab caused by the presence of water.

UPLIFT PRESSURE

It is a point within the structure at which a member (beam/column) can rotate slightly to eliminate all bending moment in the member at that point.

HINGE

A revetment consisting of rough stones of various sizes placed compactly to protect the banks or bed of a river from the eroding effects of the flowing water.

RIPRAP

It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or other horizontal forces on a building.

SWAY BRACES

A pit dug in the basement floor during excavation made to collect water into which a pump is placed to transfer the liquid to the sewer pipe

SUMP PIT

This is designed as a special foundation for intense column loads on a platform consisting usually of two layers of rolled steel joists, one on top of the other, at right angles.

GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

It is a long, straight beam which by the inspection of two hinges in alternate spans, functions essentially as a cantilever beam

GERBER BEAM

An instrument which measures the actual displacement of the ground with respect to a stationary point during an earthquake.

SEISMOMETER

The behavior of sandy soil to weaken its capacity to carry imposed loads when subjected to vibration such as earthquake particularly when the water table saturates this layer.

LIQUEFACTION

For any given granular material, the steepest angle with horizontal, a heaped soil surface will make in normal condition that will not slide.

ANGLE OF REPOSE

The structural term wherein the critical point at which a column carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle or remain undeflected. The column is therefore in the state of neutral equilibrium

BIFURCATION

They maybe categorized as building or non building. It is an assembleage designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces.

STRUCTURE

The area where water is pumped from within to permit free access to the area. A temporary watertight enclosure around an area of water or water bearing soil, in which construction is to take place, bearing on a stable statum at or above the foundation level of new construction.

COFFER DAM

A steel beam fabricated by dividing the web of a wide flange section with a lengthwise section zigzag cut, then welding both halves together at the peaks, thus increasing its depth without increasing its weight.

CASTELLATED BEAM

One pair of vertical angles fastened to each side of web plate to solidify it against buckling

STIFFENER

Integral part of a beam that forms a flat, rigid connection between two broader, parallel parts, as the flanges of the structural shape.

WEB

A high tension bolt having splined and twists off when required torque has been reached

TENSION CONTROL BOLT

Is a horizontal structural member in a timber-framed wall. resist lateral loads from wind and support wall cladding materials

GIRT

A brace fitted into a frame work to resist force in the direction of its length.

STRUTS

Is a structural element which divides adjacent window units, may also vertically divide double doors, acts as a structural member, and it carries the dead load of the weight above the opening and the wind load acting on the window unit back to the building structure. The term is also properly applied to very large and deep structural members in many curtain wall systems.

MULLION

Is a statue, building, or other edifice created to commemorate a person or important event. They are frequently used to improve the appearance of a city or location

MONUMENT

In engineering, this is a failure characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stresses, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding.

BUCKLING

This mode of failure is also described as failure due to elastic instability

BUCKLING

What is known as the deformation in which parallel planes slide relative to each other so as to remain parallel?

SHEAR

the product of the force and lever arms which tends to twist the body

TORQUE

concrete floor system which has no beam

FLAT SLAB

A wall of treated timber, masonry or concrete for holding in place a mass of earth.

RETAINING WALL

A galvanize wire basket filled with stones and used in constructing an abutment or retaining structure.

GABION

A pitched truss having tension members extending from the foot of each top chord to an intermediate point of the opposite top chord.

SCISSORS TRUSS

A plate for uniting structural members meeting in a single plane.

GUSSET

A structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression.

TRUSS

A joint that physically separates two adjacent building masses so that free vibratory movement in each can occur independently of the other.

SEISMIC JOINT

The potential high-shearing stress developed by the reactive force of a column on a reinforce slab.

PUNCHING SHEAR

Any of the U-shaped or closed-loop bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcement of a concrete beam to resist the vertical component of diagonal tension.

STIRRUP

The lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its load directly to the earth.

FOUNDATION

A long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system.

PILE

The part of foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the frostline and enlarged to distribute its load over a greater area.

FOOTING

A continuous or strip footing that changes levels in stages to accommodate a sloping site or bearing stratum.

STEPPED FOOTING

A thick, slablike footing or reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an entire building.

MAT FOOTING

The actual pressure developed between a footing and the supporting soil mass, equal to the quotient of the magnitude of the forces transmitted and the area of contact.

SOIL PRESSURE

A foundation system that extends down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum well below the superstructure.

DEEP FOUNDATION

One of several piles or post for supporting a structure above the surface of land and water.

STILT

A wall occurring below the floor nearest grade designed to support and anchors the superstructure.

FOUNDATION WALL

The forces exerted on a structure by an earthquake.

EARTHQUAKE LOAD

A load extending over the length or area of the supporting structural element.

DISTRIBUTED LOAD

A load acting on a very small area or particular point of a supporting structural element.

CONCENTRATED LOAD

A load applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position.

STATIC LOAD

Curing temperature for concrete.

22.8°C

The property of a material that enables it to retain its appearance and integrity when exposed to the effects of sun, wind, moisture, and changes in temperature.

WEATHERABILITY

Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads onto which they are subjected

1.50m

Those structures which are necessary for emergency post earthquake operations

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES

A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a rafter

PURLIN

Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the first ___ days after placement

7 days

Curing for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the ___days after placement

3 days

Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam

180 deg bend + 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at the end of bar

Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller

90 deg. Bend + 6db extension at free end

Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 20-25 mm bar

90 deg. Bend + 12db extension at free end

Commonly designed as a beam which bears directly on the column footing

GRADE BEAM

a narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards in the same plane

BATTEN

in a suspended acoustical ceiling, a groove cut into the edges of an acoustical tile to receive splines or supporting members of the ceiling suspension system

KERF

a pressure exerted against the underground portion of a building created by the presence of water in the soil.

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy

BUILDING

is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means

FILL

is the grade prior to grading the elevation of the original ground surface before excavation or grading begins also called natural grade

EXISTING GRADE

final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan the elevation of drives, walks, lawns, or other improved surfaces after completion of construction or grading operations

FINISH GRADE

the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan

ROUGH GRADE

is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports

DECK

is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept

GARAGE

a large beam, originally of wood or iron, now usually of steel or concrete, though light alloys have occasionally been used. Apart from the bowstring girder its chords are parallel

GIRDER

gravel, sand, slag, crushed rock or similar inert materials which form a large part of concretes,asphalts or roads including macadam.

AGGREGATES

a pre-stressing bar, cable, rope, strand or wire.

TENDON

The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes a hole through it.

PUNCHING SHEAR

STRUCTURAL Flashcards

(375 cards)