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Pharmacognosy > Structure > Flashcards

Structure Flashcards

(142 cards)

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1
Q

Glucose

A

Dextrose, blood sugar, grape sugar, physiologic sugar
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
Sweetening agaent

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2
Q

Glucose & Galactose

A

Aldohexose

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3
Q

Liquid glucose

A

Thick incomplete hydolysis of stach

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4
Q

Calcium gluconate

A

Electrolyte replenisher

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5
Q

Calcium gluceptate and levulate

A

Ca sources form 7C and 5C glucose derivative

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6
Q

Ferrous gluconate

A

Hematinic, iron deficiency anemia

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7
Q

Fructose

A

Levulose, fruit sugar

Fruits and honey , hydrolysis of inulin

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8
Q

Fructose

A

Ketohexose
Nature - furanose
Isolated crystalline - pyranose

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9
Q

Fructose

A

Isomerization of glucose by Streptomyces thru enzyme glucose isomerase
Diabetic, infant feeding formula, IV
Sweetest mono

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10
Q

Galactose

A

C4 epimer of glucose
Milk, neuronal fibers
Convertible to glucose

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11
Q

Xylose

A

Wood sugar
Boiles corn cobs, heart of decidous trees, dilute acids to xydralyze its polymer xylan
Diagnostic aid with intestinal malabsorption (Crohn’s disease, celiac disease)

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12
Q

Xylose

A

Aldopentose

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13
Q

Maltose, maltotriose

A

Alpha 1, 4

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14
Q

Sucrose

A

Alpha 1 beta 2

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15
Q

Trehalose

A

Alpha 1,1

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16
Q

Lactose ; cellulose

A

Beta 1,4

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17
Q

Starch, glycogen

A

Alpha 1,4 1,6

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18
Q

Inulin

A

Beta 2,1

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19
Q

Dextrose

A

Alpha 1,6

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20
Q

Maltrose

A

Diastatic fermentation of barley

Sweetener, tonicity adjuster, compt of beers

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar, saccharum
Negative Benedicts, Fehlings, Barfoed, Tollens (2>1)
Hydrolysis > glu + fru called invert sugar

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22
Q

Barley

A

Hordeum vulgare

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23
Q

Sugar beet

A

Beta vulgaris

Limp silvers- cossettes

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24
Q

Sugarcane

A

Saccharum officinale

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25
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
26
Sucrose
A-D glucose + B L glucose
27
Sugarcane / sugar beet
Boiled with lime, ivert sugar and coagulate albumin, decolorize with SO2
28
Molasses
Sugar that cannot crystallize again
29
Sucrose
Demulcent, coating agent, sweetening agent, syrups, preservative, anti-oxidant
30
Trehalose
Brown seaweed in fungi Glu + glu Nonreducing
31
Lactose
Glu + gal Milk of cow Crystallization of whey, byproduct of cheese Tablet diluent
32
Lactose intolerence
Lacks lactase/ B glycosidase | Diarrhea, GI disturbance
33
Butter
Fat globules by churning
34
Buttermilk
Liquid after globules unite
35
Skimmed milk
Milk without cream/ globules
36
Coagulum
Skimmed with renin/ rennet ->>>> cheese
37
Whey
Skimmed without coagulated proteins
38
Condensed milk
Partially evaporated milk
39
Malted milk
Milk evaporated with malt
40
Kymyss
Alcohol beverage with mare’s milk | Nomad in Asia
41
Lactulose
Alkaline rearrangement of tautomerization of lactose Semi-synthetic Laxative
42
Lactulose
Poorly absorbed, colon > lactic acid and acetic acid | GI irritants, high peristalsis
43
Lactulose
Encephalophaty Flapping tremor NH4+
44
Maltotriose
3 glucose
45
Dextrins
Partial hydrolysis of starch ( amylase, glucosidase)
46
Alpha glucosidase inhibitor
X intestinal absorption of sugars | Oral hypoglycemic agent
47
Gentianose
Glu + glu + fru | Giantiana spp
48
Raffinose
Glu + gal + fru | Many seeds, cottonseed
49
Stachyose
Gal+ gal+ glu + fru | Stachys japonica
50
Oxidation
Rise to sugar acids
51
Reduction
Sugar alcohols
52
Cherry juice
Ripe juice of cherry ( Prunus cerasus) Malic acid Mask taste of sour drugs Pectin, incompatible with alcohol, + 0.1% benzoic acid
53
Plant acids
Organic 2-6C, 2-3 carboxyl groups | Accidulants effervesence, buffer systems
54
Citric acid 6
Scheele lemon juice Isocitric acid - isomer Aconitic acid - dehydrated form
55
Tartaric acid 4
By product of wine
56
Malic acid
Apple
57
Lactic acid 3
Infant feeding formula
58
Oxalic acid 2
Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Balimbing (Averrhoa carambola) Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Oxidation product of ehylene glycol poisoning
59
Fromic acid 1
Ant bites Volatile poison Oxidation product of methanol poisoning
60
Protocatechuic acid
Onion resistant to acctacks of fungus
61
Shikimic
Precursor of aromatic compouns/ AA
62
Ascorbic acid
Cofactor of collagen hydroxylases Scurvy IV
63
Alcohol
``` Yeaat wine production Chemical hydration of ethylene (disinfectant/ antiseptic) USP 94.9% 15.56 Low conc - stimulant High conc- drepressant ```
64
Brandy
Wine
65
Whiskey
Malted grain
66
Rum
Molasses
67
Mannitol
Manna ( Fraxinus ornus) Produce by hydrogenated fructose Osmotic diuretic IV, laxative oral Kidney failure, glucoma, intracranial pressure
68
Sorbitol
Glucitol Mountain ash (Sorbus acuparia), now bacteria biotechnology Sweetener (1/2 sweet as sucrose) Not absorbed on oral - toothpaste, gum
69
Sorbitol
By producto of glucose metabolism when hyperglycemic (via polyol pathway)
70
Glucose to sorbitol
Aldose reductase
71
Sorbitol to fructose
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
72
Storage
Starch - plants | Glycogen - animals
73
Structure
Chitin, cellulose
74
Starch
``` From corn (zea mays), wheat ( triticum aestivum), potatum ( saolanum tuberosum) Differenciated by microscopic analysis ```
75
Amylose
``` Linear Beta- amylose Alpha 1,4 More soluble in water Deep blue 25% ```
76
Amylopectin
``` Branched Alpha 1,6 alpha 1,6 Less soluble (paste) Blu violet / purple 75% ```
77
Amylase
Enzyme breaks doem starch
78
Alpha amylose
Enzyme pancreatic juice (amylopsin), saliva (ptyalin) | Endproduct : glu, mal, amylopectin
79
Beta amylase
Endproduct nearly pure maltose Remove maltose from non-reducing end of poly At branching - maltose & dextrins ( incomplete hydrolysis)
80
Amyloplast
Storage center of starch
81
Starch
Tablet binder, filler, disintegrant | Antidote for iodine poisoning
82
Pregalatinezed starches
Chemically, mechanically processed to rupture the granules | Tablet binder
83
Sodium starch glycollate
Disintegrant
84
Hetastarch
Plasma expander 6%
85
Glycogen
Homoploy saccharide like amylopectin Animal starch More branced than starch I test : wine red
86
Inulin
Fructosan linked with glucose at terminal Asteraceae ( dandelion - Taraxacum officinale) Evaluation of renal function ( accurate but not used)
87
Pheins in grasses
Phleun pratens
88
Agropyrene in couch grass
Agopyron repens
89
Sinistrin in squill
Urginea maritina
90
Dextran
From Leuconocstoc mesenteroides (dextran sucrase/ transglycosidase) conversionof sucrose to dextran Plasma expander at 10%
91
Iron dextran
IV iron supplement
92
Cellulose
Not digested by mammals - lack cellulase x break beta gbonds Ba teria, rumen microflora, herbivores Cell wall (rigid) Most abundant organic compound
93
Cellulose : plant
Chitin : fungi
94
Cellulose : Cotton
From purified cotton (Gossypium hiratum) Cylindrical - young; flat, twisted - mature Waxy cuticle - nonabsorbant Bleached cotton yarn, absorbent cotton wool - wetted by water Celloboise - 2 glu units
95
Cotton
Ammoniacal CuO Raw cotton - dissolves leaves cuticle Absorbent cotton - iniform swelling
96
Cellulose : Regenerated fibers
Isolated, controlled, modified suitable finre form
97
Viscose
Rayon | Surgical dressing
98
Continuos folament rayon
Blouse fabrics
99
Staple rayon
Fixed length | surgical dressing
100
Cellulose ethers
Methyl cellulose Carmellose Ethylcellulose Cellulose acetate phthalate
101
Methylcellulose
Methyl chloride on alkali cellulose Best grade 2/3 OH methylated Lotions, suspentions, pastes Laxative
102
Carmellose
Monochloroacetic acid alkali celulose | Similar with methylcellulose
103
Ethyl cellulose
Tablet binder | Film coat
104
Cellulose acetate phthalate
Eneteric coating on tablets
105
Pyroxylin
Soluble guncotton | Colloidon: pyroxylin + alcohol + ether (1:3)
106
Pyroxylin/ soluble guncotton
Topical protectant | Nitric and sulfuric acid in cotton
107
Colloidon
Colloidon + castor oil (3%) - Flexible Colloidon + camphor - Waterproof colloidon Topical protectant
108
Oxidized cellulose
Treated with nitogen dioxide until carboxyl grps is 16-22% | Glucoronic acid residues
109
Alginate fibers
Pumped thru spinneret and immersed in CaCl2 | Mannuronic acid gives weaker gel and less fiber strength
110
Cotton : allied drugs
Jute (Cochorus capsularis) Flax ( Linum usitassimum) Hemp ( Cannabis sativa)
111
Gums & Muscillages
Yields uronic acid + pentoses (Glu, gal, man, xy, arab) upon hydrolysis Classified as anionic and non-ionic Gum- Pathologic, dissolves in water Mucilage - physiologic, slimmy masses in water
112
Plant exudates
Acacia (Acia senegal) Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer) Ghatti gum (Anogeissus latifolia) Steculia/ Karaya
113
Acacia
Arabin - Ca, Mg, K slats and arabic acid | Tapped in trees 6 y.o
114
Tragacanth
``` Bassorin (60-70%)- swelling component Tragacanthin (~30%) - water soluble Hogtragacanth - texttile and pickle 36% swells in wter, resistant to acid hydrolysis Low pH ```
115
Ghatti gum
Acacia substitute
116
Karaya
``` D- galac D- gluco Medium - pink; low - very dark Discontinuos type of muscilage Laxa, emulsifier, dental adhesive Good quality is colorless and translucent ```
117
Marine sources
``` Agar/ Japanese Isinglas (Gelidium cartilagineum) Algin (Macrocystis pyrifera) Carageenan (Chondrus crispus) Danish Agar (Furcellaria) Kelp (Laminaria) ```
118
Seed sources
Plantago - bulk laxative with water Cydonium/ Quince seed Guar gum - oral hypoglycemic, laxative St. John’s bread- choco,galactomanan source
119
Microbial sources
Xanthan gum - pseudoplasctic shear thinning | Suspending agent, emulsifier, stabilizer
120
Other soures
Marshmallow - 10% mucilage, irritable coughs, throat, GI Couch grass- 10% mucilage and fructan triticin Slippery elm bark - demulcent, emmolient, nutitive property
121
Pectin
Middle lamela of cell walls Abundant in fruits, roots as insoluble protopectin Structure has D- galac with rhamnose
122
Protopectin
Soluble by heating with dilute acid to be soluble pectin
123
Pectiric acid
Insoluble degradation ofover ripe fruits
124
Kaopectate
Kaolin & pectin - antidiarrheal | Brand name for bismuth subalicylate
125
Glycosaminoglycans
Polymer mono with beta N glycosodic bonds
126
Peptidoglycan
Bacterial cellwall
127
Chondroitin sulfate
Osteoarthritis
128
Dermatan sulfate
Skin
129
Keratan sulfate
Sulfated glycosaminoglycan Cornea, cartilage, bone Cushion for mechanical shock
130
Hyaluronic acid
Anionic glycosaminoglycan | Synovial fluid
131
Chitin
N acetylgalactosamine | Shells of crustaceans
132
Heparin
Anticoagulant | Inhibits thrombin
133
Kordonfan variety in sudan
Best variety White, pale yellow Transparent
134
Talka gum
Acacia seya Incompatible with alcohols 60%< 5-6% swells in water Suspending agent, demulcent
135
Veriform
Wormlike | twisted coils
136
Tragacanth sorts
Tearlike
137
Ribbon/ flake gum
Longitudinal strands Best grades contain less trag High bassorin more viscous
138
Agar
``` Nutrient culture media Laxative Suspending agent Agarose - gel strength Agaropectin - viscosity ```
139
Alginic acid
Mannuronic and gluronic acid Suspending agent Food ice cream, choco
140
Kelp
Iodine sources Dilates cervix Antiobese Atherosclerosis
141
Carageen
Kappa, lambda - gelling | Ioda - thickener,non gel
142
Danish agar
Kappa - suspending agent, gelling

Pharmacognosy (2 decks)

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