Biology > Structure and Function > Flashcards

Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

what does dna control

A

everything

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2
Q

what does dna provide the code for

A

assembling amino acids into proteins in a particular sequence

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3
Q

what does amino acid sequence determine

A

the shape, which determines the function of the protein

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4
Q

how can mutations affect proteins

A

they can lead to a different protein structure

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5
Q

differentiation

A

the process where an unspecialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

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6
Q

what are unspecialized cells called

A

stem cells

they eventually become specialized from what they are told by the dna

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7
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

atom
molecule/compound
macromulecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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8
Q

molecules

A

atoms (periodic table) that are chemically bonded together

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9
Q

what do carbohydrates typically end in

A

-ose

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10
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates

A

main source of energy

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11
Q

carbohydrate monomer

A

sugar or monosaccharide

(glucose, fructose, galactose)

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12
Q

carbohydrate polymer

A

starch or polysaccharide

(potatoes, pasta, etc.)

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13
Q

function of proteins

A
  • controls rate of chemical reactions through enzymes
  • bones and muscles
  • transport things in and out of cells
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14
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up chemical reactions like digestion and metabolism

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15
Q

proteins monomer

A

amino acids

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16
Q

what is a polypeptide chain

A

protein

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17
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

stores and transmits genetic information

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18
Q

nucleic acids monomer

A

nucleotide

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19
Q

what are 2 examples of nucleic acids

A

dna and rna

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20
Q

do lipids have polymers

A

no

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21
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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22
Q

function of lipids

A

stores energy and make up biological membranes and waterproof coverings

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23
Q

what are lipids made of

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

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24
Q

benedict’s

A

indicator for glucose, must be heated

blue -> red/orange/yellow/green

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25
iodine
indicator for complex carbohydrates amber -> black/dark blue
26
biuret's
indicator for protein blue -> violet/purple
27
brown paper bag
indicator for lipids no translucent spear-> translucent smear light can go through it and it doesn't dry up (oil from pizza on a plate)
28
what do indicators do
change colors in the presence of the substance it is testing for
29
cells
the smallest level of organization that is considered alive
30
prokaryote example
bacteria
31
what makes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different from each other
- eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles - dna floats in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes, and in the nucleus for eukaryotes
32
what do red blood cells carry
oxygen
33
what do white blood cells do
fight infections and produce antibodies
34
what do platelets do
clot blood/injuries
35
plasma
mostly water -- transports nutrients, wastes and more
36
hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that bind and trap oxygen to transport
37
what does the cell membrane do
regulates what enters or leaves a cell semi-permeable/selectively permeable
38
passive transport
movement of molecules from high to low concentration (diffusion), no energy required
39
facilitated diffusion
movement of particles from high to low with no energy through a special protein
40
active transport
movement of molecules from low to high concentrations, energy required examples: endocytosis + exocytosis
41
endocytosis
cell entry
42
exocytosis
exiting out of the cell
43
plasmolysis
the process where a cell's protoplasm shrinks away from the cell wall due to a loss of water in a hypertonic solution
44
hypertonic
a solution with a higher solute concentration than another substance a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink because the higher solute concentration outside the cell draws water out of the cell through osmosis.
45
the substance being dissolved
solute
46
the substance that does the dissolving
solvent
47
hypotonic
has a lower solute concentration than a cell, causing water to move into the cell through osmosis, making it swell *lysed
48
isotonic
a solution has the same solute concentration as another solution, such as human blood. prevents water from moving into or out of cells, so they neither swell nor shrink.
49
what is a lysed cell
a cell that has broken open due to the breakdown of its cell membrane, releasing its internal contents such as proteins, DNA, and organelles
50
what is a turgid cell
swollen and stiff due to high water content, which creates pressure (turgor pressure) against the cell wall
51
what is a flaccid cell
plant cells that have lost water and become limp, lacking the stiffness of a turgid cell
52
transcription
when a specific gene in the DNA is rewritten into messenger RNA (mRNA) so the code can leage the nucleus
53
what is the cell membrane made of
a phospholipid bilayer and proteins
54
phopholipid bilayer
2 layers of phospholipids
55
phospholipid
has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
56
hydrophilic
loves water
57
hydrophobic
fears water
58
what can and cannot pass through the cell membrane
can: small and non-polar can't: large and polar
59
what is the role of protein in the cell membrane
channels for large + hydrophilic/polar molecules
60
what helps things get through the cell membrane
passive and active transport
61
polar
likes water, has charge
62
integral protein
proteins that cross both sides of the cell membrane example: aquaporin
63
what is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane
helps with membrane fluidity, it keeps it from getting too runny/liquidy or too solid
64
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