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Flashcards in Structure and Function Deck (30)
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1
Q

What are the three properties of cells?

A

metabolism, growth, and evolution

2
Q

Describe metabolism in cells

A

cells take up nutrients and expel then as waste

3
Q

Describe growth in cells

A

nutrients from the environment become new cell material with become new cells

4
Q

Describe evolution in cell

A

cells evolve and display new properties, shown in phylogenic trees

5
Q

Define differentiation

A

some cells form new structures

6
Q

Define communication

A

interactions via chemical messengers

7
Q

Define genetic exchange

A

DNA from donor to recipient via several mechanisms

8
Q

Define motility

A

self-propulsion

9
Q

What are the genetic functions of cells?

A

DNA replication, transcription, RNA translation into proteins

10
Q

What are the catalytic functions of cells?

A

energy conservation, metabolism, enzymes

11
Q

Why are smaller cells more efficient?

A

the ratio of surface area/volume

12
Q

What are the parts of prokaryotes?

A

cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, cytosol, ribosomes, nucleoid

13
Q

What are the parts of eukaryote cells?

A

nuclear membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, cell/cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

14
Q

What is the role of the membrane?

A

prevents leakage, functions as a gateway for transport in/out, anchors proteins, site of the usage and conservation of the proton motive force

15
Q

What is the ratio of PRO to lipids in the membrane?

A

<50%

16
Q

What are the types of membrane PRO?

A

sensors, adhesions, transporters, enzymes

17
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer (bacteria and eukaryotes)

A

hydrophilic exterior, hydrophobic interior; phosphatidylethanolamine+2 fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate+ethanolamine

18
Q

Describe the membrane of archaea

A

either bilayer or monolayer

19
Q

How is the membrane stabilized?

A

in eukaryotes it is stabilized with sterols, in bacteria/archaea it is stabilized by hopanoids

20
Q

What is the makeup of sterols?

A

polar head (rigid planar ring structure)+non-polar hydrocarbon chain

21
Q

How is DNA stored in eukaryotes?

A

linear, double stranded, generally diploid, packages in chromosomes within the nucleus

22
Q

Define chromosome

A

chromatin fibres made by histone packages

23
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

stress the DNA that codes for rRNA, a ribosomal PRO

24
Q

How is DNA stored in bacteria/archaea?

A

circular, double stranded, generally haploid, packaged with PRO to form chromosomes, DNA is in the cytoplasm, rRNA is encoded on the chromosome, may also contains plasmids

25
Q

Proteins are made by ___ (replicated by ___)’s ___ strand being transcribed by ___, which creates ___ which is translated in the ___ to form amino acids

A

DNA/DNA polymerase/bottom/RNA polymerase/RNA/ribosome

26
Q

What is the ribosome?

A

made up of rRNA and PRO, translates mRNA to amino acid chains to form PRO

27
Q

Where are ribosomes located in eukaryotes?

A

free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

Where are ribosomes located in prokaryotes?

A

free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic membrane

29
Q

___ subunit ribosomes are in eukaryotes and ___ subunit are in prokaryotes

A

80/70

30
Q

Define Svedberg unit

A

description of a state of sedimentation of particle in ultracentrifuge, proportional to size, shape, and density, but not a linear relationship