Flashcards in Structure and Function Deck (30)
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1
What are the three properties of cells?
metabolism, growth, and evolution
2
Describe metabolism in cells
cells take up nutrients and expel then as waste
3
Describe growth in cells
nutrients from the environment become new cell material with become new cells
4
Describe evolution in cell
cells evolve and display new properties, shown in phylogenic trees
5
Define differentiation
some cells form new structures
6
Define communication
interactions via chemical messengers
7
Define genetic exchange
DNA from donor to recipient via several mechanisms
8
Define motility
self-propulsion
9
What are the genetic functions of cells?
DNA replication, transcription, RNA translation into proteins
10
What are the catalytic functions of cells?
energy conservation, metabolism, enzymes
11
Why are smaller cells more efficient?
the ratio of surface area/volume
12
What are the parts of prokaryotes?
cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, cytosol, ribosomes, nucleoid
13
What are the parts of eukaryote cells?
nuclear membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, cell/cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
14
What is the role of the membrane?
prevents leakage, functions as a gateway for transport in/out, anchors proteins, site of the usage and conservation of the proton motive force
15
What is the ratio of PRO to lipids in the membrane?
<50%
16
What are the types of membrane PRO?
sensors, adhesions, transporters, enzymes
17
Describe the phospholipid bilayer (bacteria and eukaryotes)
hydrophilic exterior, hydrophobic interior; phosphatidylethanolamine+2 fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate+ethanolamine
18
Describe the membrane of archaea
either bilayer or monolayer
19
How is the membrane stabilized?
in eukaryotes it is stabilized with sterols, in bacteria/archaea it is stabilized by hopanoids
20
What is the makeup of sterols?
polar head (rigid planar ring structure)+non-polar hydrocarbon chain
21
How is DNA stored in eukaryotes?
linear, double stranded, generally diploid, packages in chromosomes within the nucleus
22
Define chromosome
chromatin fibres made by histone packages
23
What is the nucleolus?
stress the DNA that codes for rRNA, a ribosomal PRO
24
How is DNA stored in bacteria/archaea?
circular, double stranded, generally haploid, packaged with PRO to form chromosomes, DNA is in the cytoplasm, rRNA is encoded on the chromosome, may also contains plasmids
25
Proteins are made by ___ (replicated by ___)'s ___ strand being transcribed by ___, which creates ___ which is translated in the ___ to form amino acids
DNA/DNA polymerase/bottom/RNA polymerase/RNA/ribosome
26
What is the ribosome?
made up of rRNA and PRO, translates mRNA to amino acid chains to form PRO
27
Where are ribosomes located in eukaryotes?
free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
28
Where are ribosomes located in prokaryotes?
free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic membrane
29
___ subunit ribosomes are in eukaryotes and ___ subunit are in prokaryotes
80/70
30
