What are the three properties of cells?
metabolism, growth, and evolution
Describe metabolism in cells
cells take up nutrients and expel then as waste
Describe growth in cells
nutrients from the environment become new cell material with become new cells
Describe evolution in cell
cells evolve and display new properties, shown in phylogenic trees
Define differentiation
some cells form new structures
Define communication
interactions via chemical messengers
Define genetic exchange
DNA from donor to recipient via several mechanisms
Define motility
self-propulsion
What are the genetic functions of cells?
DNA replication, transcription, RNA translation into proteins
What are the catalytic functions of cells?
energy conservation, metabolism, enzymes
Why are smaller cells more efficient?
the ratio of surface area/volume
What are the parts of prokaryotes?
cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, cytosol, ribosomes, nucleoid
What are the parts of eukaryote cells?
nuclear membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, cell/cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
What is the role of the membrane?
prevents leakage, functions as a gateway for transport in/out, anchors proteins, site of the usage and conservation of the proton motive force
What is the ratio of PRO to lipids in the membrane?
<50%
What are the types of membrane PRO?
sensors, adhesions, transporters, enzymes
Describe the phospholipid bilayer (bacteria and eukaryotes)
hydrophilic exterior, hydrophobic interior; phosphatidylethanolamine+2 fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate+ethanolamine
Describe the membrane of archaea
either bilayer or monolayer
How is the membrane stabilized?
in eukaryotes it is stabilized with sterols, in bacteria/archaea it is stabilized by hopanoids
What is the makeup of sterols?
polar head (rigid planar ring structure)+non-polar hydrocarbon chain
How is DNA stored in eukaryotes?
linear, double stranded, generally diploid, packages in chromosomes within the nucleus
Define chromosome
chromatin fibres made by histone packages
What is the nucleolus?
stress the DNA that codes for rRNA, a ribosomal PRO
How is DNA stored in bacteria/archaea?
circular, double stranded, generally haploid, packaged with PRO to form chromosomes, DNA is in the cytoplasm, rRNA is encoded on the chromosome, may also contains plasmids
Proteins are made by ___ (replicated by ___)’s ___ strand being transcribed by ___, which creates ___ which is translated in the ___ to form amino acids
DNA/DNA polymerase/bottom/RNA polymerase/RNA/ribosome
What is the ribosome?
made up of rRNA and PRO, translates mRNA to amino acid chains to form PRO
Where are ribosomes located in eukaryotes?
free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Where are ribosomes located in prokaryotes?
free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic membrane
___ subunit ribosomes are in eukaryotes and ___ subunit are in prokaryotes
80/70
Define Svedberg unit
description of a state of sedimentation of particle in ultracentrifuge, proportional to size, shape, and density, but not a linear relationship