Structure and Function of the Cardio-respiratory System

Question 1

What journey does the air take when we breather in?

Answer 1

nasal cavity/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 2

What increases the efficiency of gaseous exchange?

Answer 2

high surface area
moist, thin walls
short distance for diffusion
lots of capillaries

Question 3

What is inspiration and expiration?

Answer 3

breathing in and breathing out

Question 4

What happens to the diaphragm in inspiration?

Answer 4

it contracts and increases the cavity

Question 5

What do the intercostals do in inspiration?

Answer 5

contract and lift the ribs up to increase thoracic cavity.

Question 6

what does the diaphragm and intercostals do in expiration?

Answer 6

they relax

Question 7

What is different about expiration at rest and in exercise?

Answer 7

at rest it is passive as muscles are relaxing, at exercise muscles like the abdominals contract to force out air

Question 8

when oxygen attaches to haemoglobin, what is it called?

Answer 8

oxyhaemoglobin

Question 8

What is tidal volume?

Answer 8

the volume of air breathed in and out at rest

Question 8

In exercise which additional muscles help in inspiration?

Answer 8

the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid

Question 9

What happens to tidal volume at exercise?

Answer 9

it increases

Question 10

What does IRV stand for?

Answer 10

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 11

What is IRV?

Answer 11

the additional volume of air taken in when exercising

Question 12

What does ERV stand for?

Answer 12

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 13

What is ERV?

Answer 13

the additional volume of air breathed out when exercising

Question 14

What is the residual volume?

Answer 14

the volume of air left in our lungs after maximal breathing out

Question 15

Why is there a residual volume?

Answer 15

the alveoli would scrunch in and damage if there wasn’t that air

Question 16

What are the 3 blood vessels?

Answer 16

arteries, veins and capillaries

Question 17

Describe the structure of an artery.

Answer 17

thick, smooth muscle layer
smaller lumen than veins
elastic walls

Question 18

What is the function of the artery?

Answer 18

carry oxygenated blood at high pressure away from the heart

Question 19

What is the lumen?

Answer 19

the space within the blood vessel through which blood travels

Question 20

Describe the structure of veins.

Answer 20

thin muscle walls
larger lumen
valves

Question 21

What is the function of veins?

Answer 21

carry deoxygenated blood at low pressure to the heart. They also prevent backflow of the blood

Question 22

Describe the structure of capillaries.

Answer 22

1 cell thick
surround tissues
between arteries and veins

Question 23

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 23

gaseous exchange, removal of waste products

Question 24

What makes capillaries efficient for gaseous exchange?

Answer 24

they are one cell thick, making the diffusion distance small there are many so lots of diffusion can take place they are partially permeable they have a large surface area

Question 25

What is the primary function of the heart?

Answer 25

to generate force to circulate blood

Question 26

What is systole?

Answer 26

the contraction of the heart where it empties itself of blood

Question 27

What is diastole?

Answer 27

the relaxation of the heart where it fills up with blood

Question 28

Which side of the heart is oxygenated and which is deoxygenated?

Answer 28

the right side has deoxygenated blood, and the left side has oxygenated blood

Question 29

What is stroke volume?

Answer 29

the amount of blood leaving the heart every time systole occurs

Question 30

What is the average stroke volume?

Answer 30

70ml

Question 31

how do you work out cardiac output?

Answer 31

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 32

If my heart rate is 80 and my stroke volume is 60, what is my cardiac output?

Answer 32

80*60 = 4800ml = 4.8L

Question 33

If my heart rate is 100 and my cardiac output is 5.2L, what is my stroke volume?

Answer 33

52ml

Question 34

How do we increase cardiac output when exercising?

Answer 34

we increase our heart rate and stroke volume