Structures Flashcards by Blessed Angela Lascuña

place for piglets inside the farrowing pen

Creep

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area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which the sow can turn around

Farrowing pen

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Also called farrowing crate ,a device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods and which prevents
sow from turning around

Farrowing stall

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swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg

Fattener

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swine which are 66 kg and up

Finisher

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swine from 40 to 65 kg

grower

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LSwine housing system wherein the sows are removed when the piglets reach weaning age. The pigs remain in the same building from farrowing until they reach the desired weight for slaughtering.

One-unit system

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Swine housing system where yhe sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until the piglets are weaned. The
weanlings are transferred to a growing-finishing house.

Two-unit system

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Swine Housing Unit.
The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. The weanlings are moved
to a nursery house and finally to a growing-finishing unit where they stay until they are ready
for slaughter.

Three-unit system

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The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. After weaning, piglets are
moved to a nursery house, then to a growing house and finally to a finishing house until they
are ready for slaughter.

Four-unit system

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The applied loads on a structure are finally transmitted to the supports through the members and connections. The following are supports, except

rigid
roller
rocker
frictionless surface
none of the above

Rigid

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Recommended number of bags per cubic meter for rice

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For swine housing, concrete floors shall be paved on a well compacted gravel fills. Floor shall be skid-resistant with _________ slope towards a gutter or drainage canal.

2% - 4%

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Is one of several methods used to control the environment in farm buildings where it fulfils two main functions: controlling the temperature and controlling the moisture within a building.

Ventilation

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For the location of animal housing, it should conform to the following, except

a. The site shall be accessible to service roads, water supply and electric lines.
b. The building shall be constructed in an east-west orientation and the structure for marketable animals shall be located near the service road.
c. The site shall be located where the prevailing winds will not carry odors to the farmhouse.
d . The site shall be well drained and allows for free air circulation.
e. none of the above

e. None of the above
All of the characteristics should be met

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Is a type of a house, which serves a residential purpose in an agricultural setting.

Farmhouse

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Prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse

Shading

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Recommended dimension of pallet having square-shape.

152 cm x 61 cm

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On this type of construction, buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction.

Type 3

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Quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure

Riprap

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For broiler housing, entrance doors shall be at least ______ wide by 2 m high and shall be made to swing inward. It shall be covered with______ mesh wire netting

900 mm, 25 mm

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For broiler housing, entrance doors shall be at least ______ wide by 2 m high and shall be made to swing inward. It shall be covered with ______ mesh wire netting

900 mm, 25 mm

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For concrete road , the maximum slope shall be ______ from the center line towards the ditch. This will promote rapid run-off of surface water and minimize the amount of water which infiltrates into the road carriageway

1.5%

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Sacks are piled side by side and one on top of the other for appropriate pest control measures. Bagged grains with 14% moisture content or lower could be piled in ________________.

Chinese method

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The height of a greenhouse should be sufficient for the operation of machinery and the comfort of the workers. Gutter heights of ______ are recommended for multi span houses to allow machines to move freely.

2.8m - 3.0m

The suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction

Backfill

For greenhouses, the coverings shall be clear enough to provide optimum light transmission. It should be durable as well as economical and should withstand heavy loads like wind gusts of ___kph.

150

Greenhouses is PAES_________

415

The minimum road shoulder width shall be _____. It should be filled with borrow and compacted to at least ______ density, as certified by accredited laboratory.

1.0 meter, 95%

For farmhouse, footings shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load of the dwelling and shall be at least _____ millimeters thick and ____millimeters below the surface of the ground.

250 and 600

According to National Building Code of the Philippines, there are ___ types of construction

It includes the weight of fixed equipment that are built into the structure such as piping, ducts, air conditioning, and heating equipment.

dead loads

Is the maximum stress that a solid material can withstand before its failure.

Ultimate strength

slender structural members subjected to tensile stress (e.g. tie rods, hangers)

Tension members

structural member subjected to loads perpendicular to the long axis of the member normally in horizontal position (e.g. floor joists, girders) but sometimes found in an inclined and vertical position (e.g. rafters in roof and studs)

Beams

vertical members that resist axial compressive loads (e.g. columns)

Compression members

members subjected to combined effects of compression/tension and bending (e.g. beam columns)

Combined members

internal resistance to an external force

Stress

Kind of stress that results from a force that tends to compress or crush a member

Compression stress

Type of stress that results from a force that tends to stretch or elongate a member

Tension

results from the tendency of two equal and parallel forces, acting in opposite directions, to cause adjoining surfaces of a member to slide one on the other.

Shear

a material other than portland cement aggregate, or water added to concrete to modify its properties.

Admixture

- occurs in some metals, notably certain stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys, at ambient temperature after solution heat treatment, the process being one of a constituent precipitating from solid solution.

Age Hardening (precipitation hardening)

inert material, which is mixed with portland cement and water to produce concrete

Aggregate

it is the maximum unit stress considered desirable for design calculations, considering the characteristics of the material, the type of structure, the degree of exposure to deterioration, etc

Allowable Stress

a heating and slow cooling of a solid metal, usually done to soften it.

Annealing

is brittleness of metal at ordinary or low temperature.

Cold shortness

is the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature below the recrystallization temperature and at a rate to produce strain hardening

Cold working

is that property that permits permanent deformation before fracture in tension

Ductility

made up of 3,5,7 or more veneer slices laid one upon the other with grain of each at right angles to those of the sheets above and below it

Plywood

solid, hard material produced by combining cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water -Ussed commonly in farm buildings for footings, foundation walls, floors and pavements, silos etc.

Concrete

most widely used masonry material for all types of construction walls, partitions, dividers, fences, etc.

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)

Ratio of concrete used for beams, slab columns, and for all members which are subjected to bending stress

Class A (1:2:4)

Classification of hollow block that has thickness that ranges from 15 cm to 20 cm and are used to carry load aside from its own weight

Bearing

Classification of hollow block that has thickness that ranges from 7.5 cm to 10 cm and are intended for walls, fences

Non-bearing

most common and widely used roofing material

Galvanized GI Sheet

Standard size of Plain GI Sheet

90 cm by 2.4 m long

What is more thinner, gauge 30 GI sheet or Gauge 32?

Gauge 32

load applied at a point or along a line

Concentrated load

load spread over a large area

Distributed load

load is equal over all portion of the contact area

Uniformly distributed load

include the weights of various structural members and materials permanently attached to the structure (e.g. weight of roofing or floor covering, columns, beams, girders, walls, windows, etc.)

Dead loads

gravity loads which are not permanently applied to the structur

Live loads

include loads imposed during building construction (e.g. roofing process) and after construction (e.g. re-roofing operations, air conditioning and mechanical equipment installation and servicing)

Roof live loads

based on the occupancy or use of the building (human occupants, furniture, stored materials, etc.)

Floor live loads

Load that occurs when structures block the flow of wind converting wind’s kinetic energy into potential energy of pressure.

Wind loads

deformation that accompanies bending

Deflection

compressive stress perpendicular to grain of wood occurring at beam supports or other members framed into the beam

Bearing stress

member subjected to bending and axial forces (tension or compression) simultaneously

Combined stress member

A design for reinforced concrete beam that will cause the limiting stresses in the concrete and steel bars to be reached simultaneously, causing them to fail at the same time

Balanced Design

A design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for a balanced design. It causes the steel bars to reach its limiting stress first while the concrete remains under stressed. Once ultimate load is reached, large cracks become visible in the tensile zone of concrete and will give warning to the occupants to decrease the load.

Under Reinforced Design

A design in which steel reinforcement is more than what is required for a balanced design. When the ultimate load is reached, the compression zone of the concrete is highly stressed leaving the steel bars under stressed and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the occupants of the structure.

Over Reinforced Design

is a jointed frame that is used to support loads over a relatively long span. In general, the loads are applied to the it in a direction transverse to its length and the loads are applied only at the joints.

Truss

outer truss members

Chords

are the interior members of truss

web members (diagonals and verticals

spaces between trusses

Bays

beams spanning from truss to truss that transmits to the trusses the roof loads

Purlins

portion of the truss that occurs between two adjacent joints of the top chord

Panels

This type of trusses is used where high rise and floor spaces free of obstruction are desired. Its more frequent use on frames is to provide large hay-storage space over dairy stables and storage space in machinery sheds and similar structures.

Arch

This is especially adaptable to structures in which the walls are subjected to outward lateral pressure due to contained liquid or semi-liquid material. The silo, water tanks and the circular grain bin are the common examples.

Cylindrical tanks

base upon which a building rests and through which the loads on the building are transmitted to the ground.

Foundation

support loads from floors and roof in addition to their own weight and which resist side pressure from wind and, in some cases, from stored material or objects within the building

Masonry wall

- wall is built of a material placed in forms during the construction. Examples are traditional earth wall and the modern concrete wall

Monolithic

essential part of any building in that it provides the necessary protection from rain, sun, wind, heat and cold.

Roof

used only to a limited extent on farm buildings. Maintenance is high since the roof has little slope for water to run off

Flat roof

the simplest and easiest to construct and maintain. It is common sight on single story poultry houses, open sheds for cattle or swine, and similar buildings

Shed Roof

one of the most universally used roof shapes on farm buildings. This type of roof is commonly seen on two-story poultry houses, dairy barns, and single-story buildings that are too wide for shed type of roof.

Gable roof

more desirable from an architectural standpoint than from utilitarian value. It requires more complicated framing than the gable roof and is consequently more expensive to build. One of the most common uses of this is on garages.

Hip roof

used to gain more space for the overhead storage of hay and feed. This roof is common sight on two-story dairy barns and other livestock shelters where overhead storage of hay is desired.

Gambrel

wall is constructed as a sandwich of two thin skins or sheets of reinforced plastic, metal, asbestos-cement or other suitable material bonded to a core of foamed plastic to produce a thin wall element of high strength and low weight.

Membrane wall

also known as gothic roof. Prefabrication of laminated arched rafters has made the construction of this roof simple and easy. Its uses are the same as for the gambrel roof.

Arch roof

provide light and ventilation in a building an allow those within to view the surrounding landscape and observe the activities in the farmyard

Windows

General Considerations in Planning Livestock Housing

Site and location Space, feed and water requirement Suitable environment to maintain highly productive condition Maximum efficiency of labor condition Sanitary condition

In this farmstead type, all structures are in close proximity, in many instances, will all or most of the buildings joined together or connected by sheds or covered walks.

Concentrated

It often consists of two or more separated groups of buildings; one group includes the residence, garage and attendant service buildings; the other group includes barns, storage houses, and principal service buildings and workers' houses.

Plantation or Ranch

consists primarily of residence and small service buildings, where the essential farm operations area carried on with hired services.

Suburban type

This is the most common type of farmstead where buildings are located sufficiently far apart to allow adequate room for road drives and yards, reasonable fire safety, and sanitation, yet sufficiently close together to be effective for farm operation.

Distributed type

is the ability of a material to absorb or damp vibrations, which is a process of absorbing kinetic energy of vibration owing to hysterisis.

Damping Capacity