Faiure in neuronal migration
schizophreania
Heterotropia- epilepsy, MR
neuronal migration failure probably brought about by clustred neurons in lamina II of entorhinal cortex and in WM of prefrontal, hipo, parahipopo
amygdala in PTSd
high activity of amygdala
DLX -1 gene expression associated with
psychosis
diminshed GABA signaling in what d/o ?
schiz and bipolar 1
social and emotional cognition
amygdala
-problem with ASD
frontal, partietal, cerebellar hemi
changes in brain in pxs with ASD
Inc in vol
accelerated inc vol in 1st 2-4yrs of life
macrocephaly - 20% among ASD
most consistnet neuropath in ASD
dec in purkinje cells , w/o signs of post natal acquired lesions
- gliosis, empty basket , loss of inf olivary neurons
schiz nand ASD share dysregulation in neuronal migration, but…
vs Schiz, ASD DO NOT HAVE hippocampal atrophy
activation of HPA- inc glucorticoid then … neurogenesis in hippocampus
reduced
DEC hippocampal volume in what d/o
schiz, depression, ptsd
similarities and diff of anxiety and depression on NT
both- GABA dysfunction
A- dec in GABA levels on ACC and basal ganglia
D- dec GABA and glutamate in prefrontal cortex
A- dec in benz receptor site in bilateral insular , inc in neurosteroid
D- upregulated GABA A and benz receptors- suicide, dec in neurosteroid
effects of Alcohol in NT / receptors
naturally :
INC GABA, by enhancement of GABA receptos
DEC NMDA receptor fxn
abuse :
downregulate GABA receptors
upregulate NMDA receptors- gliutamate- excitatory- hyperexcitable state (delirum tremens)
if with thiamine defic= Wernickes Korsakoff
why does depressed pxs have hypothyroidsm?
low thyroid hormones due to blunted TSH, due to inc endogenous TRH
hypersecretion of CRH
downregulation of CRH receptors in pitiutary- ACTH blunting
hypercortisolemia - but no response on negative feedback ( resistance to dexamethasone suppression of cortisol secretion)
neurotensin in schiz
Neurotensin kalaban ng dopamine, dec in schiz
CCK( emotional, motivation) decreases dopamine release but assoc with panic disorder, synthetic form is pentagastrin
subs P in depression and PTSD
increased in CSF
susbs P receptor antagonist - Neurokinin 1 may act like paroxetine
neuropepetide associated with feeling of confidence and dominance during stress
NPY - “yey”
dec in depression
inc in vulnerability- PTSD
nitrous oxide in d/o
assoc with hypersex and aggression
dec in depression, schiz
inc in bipolar
