What is normal PR interval?
0.12 seconds
What is normal QRS width?
0.08-0.12 seconds
QTc ( Bazett’s Formula) formula is …
QT Interval/(RR Interval) 450 msec upper limit of normal
Using Romhilt – Estes Criteria, how many points is LAE in V1?
3 points
Romhilt – Estes Criteria says ST-T abnormalities with digitalis and without digitalis are how many points?
with digitalis - 1 point
without digitalis - 3 points
What is normal axis deviation?
-30 to +90 degrees
What is normal ejection fraction?
55%-70%
What determines a positive Exercise Tolerance Test?
Depression of the ST-segment measurement 80 msec (2 small boxes) from the J point
1mm depressed, 2 sm boxes wide, and present for 3 consecutive beats
If during an ETT a patient’s BP drops 10 mm/Hg comared to their resting BP and it’s during the test, what should you do?
This is an absolute indication to terminate the test.
In clinical practice physicians and testing facilities may not use this as an absolute indicator to terminate the test unless there are other factors.
What are the types of Pre-excitation Syndromes?
WPW Type 1 - Bundle of Kent, delta wave positive in V1
WPW Type 2 - Bundle of Kent, delta wave negative in V1
LGL - Bundle of James, P wave kissing QRS
What is atherosclerosis?
It is an inflammatory disease.
It’s chronic and takes a while to develop.
What are the stages of atherosclerosis?
1) Endothelial Dysfunction - inflammatory response caused by HTN, smoking, toxins, and diabetes.
- DRIVEN by high cholesterol, high LDLs
2) Fatty Streak Formation - no symptoms, body sends WBCs to area. These cells eat LDL & die, forming FOAM CELLS.
4) Plaque Formation - Usually where heart attack happens, when calcification happens, takes away arteries elasticity - abiility to expand and relax properly.
- Calcium produces ROUGH inner tunica intima. promoting aggregation of platelets.
5) Plaque Disruption - if clot does not form @ beginning, fatty streak gets large enough to burst - sending downstream. Can also cause Heart Attack
- Pt. often given Aspirin b/c it’s an antiplatelet.
What are the cyanotic congenital diseases?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Ebstein Anomaly
Eisenmenger
Transition of Great Arteries
Tricuspid Atresia
What are the Acyanotic congenital diseases?
ASD/PSD (Atrial Septal Defect/Patent Foramen Ovale)
VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect)
Coarctation of Aorta
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
