Study guide 1

Question 1

What are the 4 types of cellular adaptation?

Answer 1

The 4 types of cellular adaptation are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.

Question 2

What is dysplasia?

Answer 2

Dysplasia is an abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.

Question 3

What are the mechanisms causing cellular injury?

Answer 3

The mechanisms causing cellular injury include ischemia, hypoxia, and chemical agents, including drugs.

Question 4

What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

Answer 4

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury, while apoptosis is programmed cell death.

Question 5

What are electrolyte imbalances?

Answer 5

Electrolyte imbalances refer to abnormal levels of electrolytes in the body, categorized as hyper or hypo.

Question 6

What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?

Answer 6

Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia include thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching.

Question 7

What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia?

Answer 7

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include headache, nausea, and seizures.

Question 8

What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?

Answer 8

Clinical manifestations of hypokalemia include muscle weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias.

Question 9

What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?

Answer 9

Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia include muscle weakness, fatigue, and heart palpitations.

Question 10

What is Fluid Volume Overload?

Answer 10

Fluid Volume Overload is a condition where there is excess fluid in the body, leading to edema.

Question 11

What are the causes of edema?

Answer 11

Causes of edema include heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease.

Question 12

What is the difference between acidosis and alkalosis?

Answer 12

Acidosis is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35, while alkalosis is above 7.45.

Question 13

What is the blood pH for acidosis?

Answer 13

The blood pH for acidosis is below 7.35.

Question 14

What is the blood pH for alkalosis?

Answer 14

The blood pH for alkalosis is above 7.45.

Question 15

What does CO2 and HCO3 mean in relation to acid-base balance?

Answer 15

CO2 indicates respiratory function, while HCO3 indicates metabolic function in acid-base balance.

Question 16

How do you interpret the ABG: pH 7.65, PaCO2 38, HCO3 40?

Answer 16

This ABG indicates metabolic alkalosis due to elevated HCO3.

Question 17

What is the most common acid-base imbalance in the hospital setting?

Answer 17

The most common acid-base imbalance is metabolic acidosis, often due to diabetic ketoacidosis.

Question 18

What are Kussmaul respirations?

Answer 18

Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid respirations seen in metabolic acidosis.

Question 19

What is the purpose of DNA and RNA?

Answer 19

DNA stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis.

Question 20

What is the human karyotype?

Answer 20

The human karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes in an individual.

Question 21

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Answer 21

Phenotype is the observable traits, while genotype is the genetic makeup.

Question 22

What are Turner, Klinefelter, and Down Syndromes?

Answer 22

These are genetic disorders characterized by chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 23

What is innate immunity?

Answer 23

Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens.

Question 24

What are the 4 barriers to prevent infection?

Answer 24

The 4 barriers are skin, mucous membranes, secretions, and normal flora.

Question 25

What happens during inflammation?

Answer 25

During inflammation, blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow and immune cell recruitment.

Question 26

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 26

The 5 cardinal signs are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Question 27

What are the benefits of inflammation?

Answer 27

Benefits of inflammation include isolation of pathogens and initiation of healing.

Question 28

What are the 3 main plasma protein systems?

Answer 28

The 3 main plasma protein systems are the complement system, clotting system, and kinin system.

Question 29

What are the 3 phases of wound healing?

Answer 29

The 3 phases are inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

Question 30

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 30

Adaptive immunity is the body's ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens.

Question 31

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 31

Active immunity is developed through exposure to pathogens, while passive immunity is acquired from another source.

Question 32

What is the difference between antigen and antibody?

Answer 32

An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, while an antibody is a protein that neutralizes antigens.

Question 33

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Answer 33

The 5 classes are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.

Question 34

What are the four inappropriate immune responses?

Answer 34

The four inappropriate immune responses are hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, alloimmune responses, and immunodeficiency.

Question 35

What is hypersensitivity?

Answer 35

Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to an antigen.

Question 36

What is anaphylaxis?

Answer 36

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.

Question 37

What is the difference between autoimmune and alloimmune?

Answer 37

Autoimmune responses target the body's own tissues, while alloimmune responses target foreign tissues from another individual.

Question 38

What are blood types?

Answer 38

Blood types are classifications based on the presence of antigens on red blood cells.

Question 39

What is the universal donor blood type?

Answer 39

The universal donor blood type is O-.

Question 40

What is the universal recipient blood type?

Answer 40

The universal recipient blood type is AB+.

Question 41

What are transfusion reactions?

Answer 41

Transfusion reactions occur when the recipient's immune system attacks transfused blood.

Question 42

What is the difference between primary and secondary immune deficiencies?

Answer 42

Primary immune deficiencies are genetic, while secondary immune deficiencies are acquired.

Question 43

What are the five classes of organisms infectious to humans?

Answer 43

The five classes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions.

Question 44

What are the symptoms of infection?

Answer 44

Symptoms of infection include fever, fatigue, and localized pain.

Question 45

What is cancer?

Answer 45

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

Question 46

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 46

Benign tumors are non-cancerous, while malignant tumors are cancerous and can spread.

Question 47

What is Carcinoma in situ (CIS)?

Answer 47

CIS is a localized form of cancer that has not invaded surrounding tissues.

Question 48

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 48

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels, which supports tumor growth.

Question 49

What is metastasis?

Answer 49

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.

Question 50

What are the cancer system stages 1-4?

Answer 50

Stage 1 is localized, Stage 2 is regional, Stage 3 is advanced, and Stage 4 is metastatic.

Question 51

What is the World Health Organization’s TNM system?

Answer 51

The TNM system classifies tumors based on size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).

Question 52

What are the modalities for cancer treatment?

Answer 52

The modalities include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).

Question 53

What do margins mean in cancer treatment?

Answer 53

Margins refer to the border of healthy tissue surrounding a tumor removed during surgery.

Question 54

What are the side effects of chemotherapy?

Answer 54

Side effects of chemotherapy can include nausea, hair loss, and increased risk of infection.

Question 55

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 55

Monoclonal antibodies are lab-made molecules that can bind to specific targets in the body.

Question 56

What is the role of inflammation in cancer?

Answer 56

Inflammation can promote cancer development and progression.

Question 57

What are lifestyle factors affecting cancer development?

Answer 57

Lifestyle factors include diet, physical activity, and tobacco use.

Question 58

What are common environmental factors associated with cancer?

Answer 58

Common environmental factors include exposure to carcinogens, pollution, and radiation.

Question 59

What are examples of infections that cause cancer?

Answer 59

Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV).