Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Mary McLeod Bethune
A
Ran the NAACP
2
Q
What factor contributed to the growth of union membership in the 1930s?
A
Workers’ militancy and the tactical skills of a new generation of leaders
3
Q
Which of the following offers the best description of the First New Deal?
A
It was essentially a set of policy experiments that had mixed results
4
Q
According to John Steinbeck’s “Harvest Gypsies”, how were the migrant farm workers of the Great Depression different from those in earlier time periods?
A
Many of the migrants of the Great Depression had owned land
5
Q
What statement is true of the Federal Housing Administration?
A
The FHA insured long-term mortgages issued by private banks
6
Q
The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the ______ crisis
A
Banking
7
Q
Which phrase best describes Eleanor Roosevelt’s tenure as First Lady?
A
She redefined the role of First Lady
8
Q
Who was Charles E. Coughlin
A
He was a “radio priest” who criticized Wall Street Bankers
9
Q
Despite the efforts of the bank holiday, by 1936 banks were still failing in America (T/F)
A
False
10
Q
The Popular Front
A
Was a political and cultural movement associated with the Communist Party
11
Q
Why was the Glass-Steagall Act a key piece of legislation?
A
It banned commercial banks from involvement in in buying and selling stocks, and it set up the FDIC
12
Q
Which of the following Second New Deal measured came closest to meeting the demands of Congress of Industrial Organizations for workplace democracy?
A
The Wagner Act
13
Q
The Civilian Conservation Corps
A
Gave work to unemployed young men in jobs having to do with the environment
14
Q
Which of the following statements explains why the phrase “labor’s great upheaval” accurately describes some of the events of 1934?
A
There were at least 2,000 strikes that year, many producing violent confrontations with the police
15
Q
The Share Our Wealth movement
A
Wanted to confiscate the wealth of the richest Americans
16
Q
Which of the following statements best describes Roosevelt’s group of advisors known as the “Brains Trust”?
A
The “brains trust” believed that large corporations needed to be directed by the government
17
Q
How did the Supreme Court justices react to New Deal laws?
A
They invalidated key initiatives, and conservative judges continued to understand freedom as liberty of contract
18
Q
The New Deal housing policy
A
Was created to protect current home owners and provide incentives for new homeowners
19
Q
By 1935, Huey Long and Francis Townsend had made which of the following approaches to economic recovery less politically attractive for New Dealers?
A
Efforts at general business recovery
20
Q
The 1930s witnessed
A
Ethnic pluralism
21
Q
Roosevelt’s campaign call to repeal Prohibition
A
Distinguished him from President Hoover
22
Q
Why did stigma emerge around public assistance during the New Deal years?
A
Black workers were relegated to the least generous assistance programs, with discriminatory eligibility standards administered by the states
23
Q
How did the Popular Front influence American society?
A
It challenged the status quo in society
24
Q
Which of the following describes the New Deal most accurately?
A
It was a political program that integrated the notion of economic security into the definition of American freedom
25
Which statement about the Social Security Act is correct?
It created a system of unemployment insurance
26
What helped spark the Second New Deal?
Calls for direct payments and guaranteed income for American citizens
27
What did the pushback against free expression include?
The passing of the Smith Act and the House Un-American Activities Committee
28
The Smith Act made it a federal crime to teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow of the government (T/F)
True
29
How did Roosevelt's opponents characterize liberty?
Liberty meant freedom from powerful government
30
What type of image grew in popularity among painters and writers during the 1930s?
Ordinary people leading their ordinary lives
31
The Rural Electrification Administration proved to be one of the New Deal's most successful programs, writing 90 percent of the nation's farms by 1950 (T/F)
True
32
What did the election of Roosevelt mean to many American industrial workers?
Hope for an end to the miniature dictatorships of factory managers and owners
33
After the Court-packing attempt, how did the change in the jurisprudence of the US Supreme Court affect American life?
The new political climate in the US Supreme Court meant that a federal child labor ban could stand constitutional muster
34
Harold Ickes directed which of the following?
Public Works Administration
35
The National Industrial Recovery Act
Established business codes for several industries
36
Which of the following had been a traditional belief prior to the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes?
Balanced budgets were sacred
37
The Agricultural Adjustment Act
Was intended to raise farm prices
38
Assess the results of the Rural Electrification Agency
Farms not only gained electricity, but also radios, refrigerators, and mechanical equipment to milk cows
39
Which of the following best describes the Works Progress Administration?
It put 3 million Americans to work every year until 1943
40
Roosevelt launched the Second New Deal because of the success of his initial policies to pull the country out of the Depression and because of the rising conservative opposition against him (T/F)
False
41
According to Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, how could corporations have prevented the Great Depression?
By giving workers more purchasing power
42
How did President Franklin D. Roosevelt describe the notion of a "liberty of contract"?
He denounced it was a service to the interest of "the privileged few"
43
What caused the Dust Bowl?
Soil erosion
44
Which two New Deal programs did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?
Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration
45
The slogan "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" referred to this economic struggle of
Blacks in Harlem, who demanded work at white-owned businesses
46
The right of labor to unionize was one of the central concerns of the Popular Front (T/F)
True
47
Social Security excluded, at first, unmarried women and non-whites (T/F)
True
48
In the president election of 1936
The so-called New Deal Coalition reelected FDR in a landslide
49
What was the focus of the Second New Deal?
Sustaining mass purchasing power among the population
50
The Social Security Act of 1935
Was inspired by earlier maternalist reform demands and similar programs in Europe
51
As a US Senator, what did Barack Obama oppose?
The Iraq War
52
According to Khizr Khan, if Donald Trump could have decided the fate of his family, they would never have become American (T/F)
True
53
How did some Americans view the public health measures taken to deal with the Covid-19 virus?
As an infringement on individual liberty
54
How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect minority communities in the United States
Minorities were disproportionately impacted because of poverty and inconsistent access to health care
55
What did the decision of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission do?
Allowed corporations to make political contributions
56
What was March for Our Lives?
A protest organized by high school students to demand gun control
57
Lawrence v. Texas upheld that sexual acts between persons of the same gender were not a criminal act (T/F)
True
58
Which of the following statements describes the Black Lives Matter movement?
Members demanded that police practices be changed and officers using excessive force be held accountable
59
Illegal immigrants coming to the United States raised wages at the bottom of the economic ladder but failed to spend money and pay taxes (T/F)
False
60
Religion and nationalism reinforce one another more powerfully in the United States than in the more secular nations of western Europe (T/F)
True
61
Which of the following was a liability for President Obama as he entered his reelection campaign of 2012?
Voters were fed up with both the president and Congress because of the partisanship and legislative gridlock in Washington
62
What did congressional Republicans denounce as a "government takeover" in March 2010?
A sweeping health care bill that required all Americans to purchase health insurance
63
Which of the following contributed to the banking crisis of 2008?
Public and private policies favored economic speculation and get-rich-quick schemes
64
The Hurricane Katrina disaster highlighted which of the following to Americans in 2005?
That poverty continued to be an unresolved issue
65
According to the textbook what was a key component of the dominant definition of freedom in the twenty-first century?
The ability to fulfill potential unrestricted by authority
66
What is one key factor that explains the unprecedented amount of money that was spent on the presidential and congressional elections of 2012?
In 2010, the Supreme Court removed restrictions on corporate political donations
67
In his second inaugural address, President Bush outlined a new American goal to
End tyranny in the world
68
What allowed Donald Trump to be chosen as the Republican presidential candidate?
Other candidates within the party believed he had no chance at winning the nomination
69
In a Supreme Court decision in 2003, the right to use affirmative action in college admissions was
Reaffirmed
70
There are more guns in the United States than there are people (T/F)
True
71
Which of the following statements is true about Senator Bernie Sanders?
He restored the word "socialism" to the political vocabulary
72
What was former National Security Agency employee Edward Snowden charged with?
Violating the Espionage Act
73
What did President George W. Bush's frequent references to freedom and liberty in his second inaugural address indicate?
He was less likely to "impose" democracy on foreign countries
74
Which, according to Trump, were the issues of most concern to voters?
Globalization and immigration
75
According to Justice Kennedy in the Obergefell v. Hodges decision, where can new ideas about freedom arise?
Pleas of protest
76
What was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas?
A Texas law criminalizing sexual acts between persons of the same gender
77
The 2008 financial crisis was linked to subprime mortgages (T/F)
True
78
Why did Goldman Sachs have to pay a fine of half a billion dollars in 2010?
It had knowingly sold toxic mortgage-based securities and then bet on their failure
79
Trump's victory signified that the contested issue of who is entitled to full freedom and equality in America remained unsolved (T/F)
True
80
The Affordable Care Act prevented insurance companies from denying coverages to people with existing illnesses (T/F)
True
81
What actions taken by the Trump Administration exacerbated the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States?
It dismantled a global public health task force designed to prepare for future pandemics
82
What did the impeachment of Donald Trump reveal?
The deep polarization of the nation and Trump's powerful grip on the Republican Party
83
How did federal courts react to Trump's ban on travel to the United States from Muslim-majority countries?
They declared it unconstitutional because it violated religious freedom
84
President Bush's approval rating never fell below 35 percent (T/F)
False
85
On what grounds did Khizr Khan, a Pakistani immigrant whose son died in the Iraq War, confront Trump?
Trump disrespected minorities
86
The borderlands of the Southwest
Emerged as an area of renewed anxiety for some Americans in the wake of the September 11 attacks
87
Which of the following did Barack Obama and Donald Trump's presidential campaigns have in common?
Both appealed to the voters' feeling that the country was moving in the wrong direction
88
What are "subprime" mortgages?
Risky loans made to home buyers who could not meet their monthly payments
89
Who is Sonia Sotomayor?
The first Hispanic to be appointed to the Supreme Court
90
Which of the following shows how Trump felt about environmental issues?
He withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change
91
Bush's popularity slid significantly because of the Iraq War and the widespread sense that Americans were not benefiting from economic growth (T/F)
True
92
What was the result of the 2010 midterm elections?
Political gridlock, which made it difficult for President Obama to pass significant legislation
93
In 2020, how many nations had American troops deployed within their borders?
150
94
Most economists agree that undocumented immigrants
Push down wages at the bottom of the economic ladder
95
In 2020, how many people in the United States were murdered with handguns?
More than 8,000
96
Why did Joe Biden win the Democratic nomination for president in 2020?
He favored more moderate policies
97
Which of the following statements is true about vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin?
She was extremely popular with the Republican Party's conservative base
98
Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry served in the first Gulf War (T/F)
False
99
In the 2016 election, more citizens voted for Donald Trump than for Hillary Clinton (T/F)
False
100
How did Obama appeal to many voters, especially young people, during his presidential campaign?
By promising change
101
The National Resources Planning Board's postwar goals were
Economic security and full employment
102
During World War II, how did Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian leader, characterize the United States and Great Britain?
As hypocritical
103
Under the bracero program
Mexicans immigrated without the right of citizenship
104
According to Gunnar Myrdal in Am American Dilemma, America's dilemma was a conflict between
American values and American racial policies
105
Members of the America First Committee were more concerned about which issue than they were about Nazi Germany?
Government regulation ending free enterprise
106
The Second Great Migration
Refers to the southern Blacks riding "liberty trains" to find employment in the North and West
107
Why did Executive Order 9066 not apply to persons of Japanese descent living in Hawaii?
Since nearly 40 percent of the population was of Japanese descent, the evacuation order would have been impractical
108
Which of the following is true of the Yalta conference in 1945?
Stalin agreed to allow free and unfettered elections in postwar Poland
109
What was the goal of the policy of appeasement?
To avoid another conflict like World War I
110
Which statement about the Pearl Harbor attack is true?
It was a surprise attack by the Japanese
111
After the opening up of a second front with the success of the Normandy invasion on D-Day, British and American troops inflicted devastating damage upon the Germans, resulting in an immediate German surrender and end to the war (T/F)
False
112
To Roosevelt, the Four Freedoms expressed deeply held American values worthy of being spread worldwide (T/F)
True
113
The "zoot suit" riots of 1943
Highlighted the limits of racial tolerance during World War II
114
Who was Carlos Bulosan?
A Filipino poet who wrote about Americans outside of the mainstream
115
What happened to most female war workers after the war?
They lost their jobs, especially those in better-paying ones
116
How did the Allied campaign in Italy lay the groundwork for the invasion of France on D-day?
The defeat of Mussolini's regime forced Hitler to redirect valuable German troops to occupy Italy
117
Growth in the South and West during World War II was sparked by
Military industrial growth
118
How did Justice Robert Jackson compare a military order to a court decision in the case of Korematsu v. United States?
He argued that a judicial decision lasts longer than a military order and decides the extent of the Constitution
119
Organized labor assisted in the war effort by
Not going on strikes
120
Which statement best describes one outcome of World War II?
Allied victory saved other people from suffering the fate of European Jews
121
The "zoot suit" riots were between the police of Detroit and the black workers of the city (T/F)
False
122
Where did the turning point of World War II in the European Eastern Theater occur?
Stalingrad
123
Which of the following occurred at the Potsdam conference?
The West recognized that Eastern Europe would become a Soviet sphere of influence
124
The Good Neighbor Policy was extended primarily toward Canada to lend support to its efforts to aid Britain against German aggression (T/F)
False
125
Which of the following events are in the correct order?
Munich Agreement, Battle of Britain, Pearl Harbor, D-Day, Hiroshima
126
When war broke out in Europe in 1939, the Soviet Union stood virtually alone in fighting Germany (T/F)
False
127
During wartime, Asian Americans
Had different experiences depending on whether or not they were of Japanese origin
128
Which statement best describes Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill?
They each represented very different societies
129
In the case of Korematsu v. United Sates (1944), Robert Jackson wrote a dissent arguing that
Guilt is personal and not inheritable
130
What taste of freedom did women enjoy in World War II?
The possibility of doing men's jobs and receiving men's wages
131
Black internationalism during World War II?
Connected the plight of black Americans to that of people of color worldwide
132
How did wartime experiences change Mexican-American life?
The contrast between the wartime rhetoric of pluralism and the reality of discrimination brought a heightened consciousness of civil rights to Mexican Americans
133
During World War II, African Americans
Served in the military in segregated units
134
In the United States during World War II
Unemployment declined and income taxes increased
135
What did Henry Luce and Henry Wallace have in common?
They both put forth a new conception of America's role in the world based in part on internationalism and on the idea that the American experience should serve as a model for all other nations
136
How did World War II impact life and commerce in the South?
The war hastened a shift from agricultural to industrial employment in the region
137
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Asian-American experience during World War II?
Executive Order 9066 fully integrated Asian-Americans into U.S. Army units serving overseas
138
Who did the Breton Woods conference position as the world's financial leader after World War II?
The United States
139
How did the struggle against Nazi tyranny discredit racial inequality in the United States?
The contradictions between the principle and practice of freedom in the actual status of African-Americans came to the forefront during the war
140
President Roosevelt refused to negotiate with undemocratic Latin American leaders (T/F)
False
141
The Bretton Woods meeting established a new international economic system (T/F)
True
142
What led England and France to declare was on Germany, marking the start of World War II?
Germany invaded Poland, a country Britain and France had promised to protect
143
The largest surrender in American military history occurred in Normandy (T/F)
False
144
What did publisher Henry Luce say would lead to a world of "the abundant life" in his blueprint for postwar prosperity, The American Century?
Free enterprise
145
Why did so many American workers walk out of their jobs between 1943 and 1944?
They were protesting the increasing speed of the assembly line and frozen wages
146
Which of the following statements is true of African-American experiences during World War II?
When World War II began, the Air Force and marines had zero black numbers
147
How did the role of the national government change during the war?
It grew and created several federal agencies to regulate the war effort
148
Korematsu was
An American citizen
149
According to the book An American Dilemma, written by Gunnar Myrdal, who should take the lead in ending racial discrimination?
The federal government
150
In 1940, the "cash and carry" plan
Allowed Great Britain to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis
151
The Internet
Expanded the flow of information more radically than any invention since the printing press
152
Following the Gulf War of 1991, what increased Osama bin Laden's anger at the United States?
The United States showed support for Israel
153
Which of the following is true about the political affiliation of most Latino immigrants
Most voted democratic
154
The 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore was
Finally decided by the Supreme Court
155
What statement below best summarizes the difference between the impeachments of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton?
Andrew Johnson's impeachment concerned matters of Reconstruction and the rights of formerly enslaved people, but Bill Clinton's concerned what many deemed a juvenile escapade
156
What made the U.S. Supreme Court case of Bush v. Gore in 2000 so unusual?
It was not meant to be a precedent and only applied to a single case
157
Which one of President Clinton's decisions was met with protests from most Democrats?
Abolishing welfare
158
Investors in the 1990s were deeply skeptical of the new "dot coms," companies that did not seem to actually produce anything (T/F)
False
159
How did revelations about the U.S. military prison in Abu Ghraib, Iraq change the position of the United States in the World?
The incident undermined the reputation of the United States as a nation that adhered to accepted standards of behavior and rule of law
160
What were the student protesters who occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing in June 1989 demanding?
Democracy
161
Bill Clinton's low popularity rates during the impeachment controversy showed that traditional attitudes towards sex had not changed? (T/F)
False
162
What was the impact of the creation of Indian Casinos?
Most individual Indians did not benefit from casinos and remained poor
163
The third-party candidate Ross Perot
Showed there was great dissatisfaction with the major parties
164
In the song "La Jaula de oro," how are the children of Mexican immigrants portrayed?
As Americanized
165
Why did militia groups arise in America during the 1990s?
To defend themselves against what they believed was oppressive federal authority
166
Despite the growth of Native American organizations and casinos, the Native American population remains stagnant according to the Census Bureau (T/F)
False
167
"Dot coms"
Were high-tech companies that attracted many investors in the 1990s
168
How did life for Blacks begin to dramatically change at the turn of the twenty-first century?
Black worked in unprecedented numbers alongside whites in corporate boardrooms, offices, and factories
169
What was the Contract with America?
A 1994 Republican plan to steeply cut taxes and environmental programs
170
What was one demand of the demonstrators in the "Battle of Seattle"?
International standards for working conditions
171
Which statement is true of Asian Americans during the 1990s?
Their communities emphasized education
172
George H. W. Bush declared drugs a major international threat when he sent troops to Panama and installed a new government there (T/F)
True
173
Which of the Bush administration's policies was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?
Suspending the rights of prisoners and detainees
174
Who was the special counsel investigating the scandals of Bill Clinton?
Kenneth Starr
175
After the September 11 attacks, Americans experienced a new feeling of common social purpose (T/F)
True
176
The first Gulf War in 1991 resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the installation of a democratic government in Iraq (T/F)
False
177
The financial sector of the economy accounted for what percentage of total profits in the year 2000?
40 percent
178
In the 1999 "Declaration for Global Democracy," who was blamed for worldwide economic problems?
Corporate interests
179
Globalization
Was symbolized by corporations such as Microsoft and organizations like the WTO
180
Why did the group ACT UP demonstrate in New York?
To protest the Catholic Church's prejudice against gays
181
Operation Desert Storm
Forced the Iraqi army out of Kuwait
182
Which of the following is FALSE about the Rodney King case?
He had a handgun and was threatening to shoot the police officers
183
Most of the world supported the war in Afghanistan in 2001. Yet, one year later, many people feared the United States had become
A world policeman establishing its own rules throughout the globe
184
Who did public opinion mostly blame for the government shutdown of 1995?
The Republicans
185
How did the internet radically change the global flow of information?
It allowed for the worldwide circulation of ideas from anyone with access to a computer
186
Compared to other Americans, Blacks had an extremely high rate of imprisonment by the end of the century (T/F)
True
187
Which of the following technologies transformed American life in the 1990s more than any of the others?
Computers
188
According to President George W. Bush's message to the American people in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, what would have kept terrorists from attacking the United States?
A love of freedom
189
Between 1970 and 2000, twice as many Africans immigrated to the United States as had entered during the entire period of the Atlantic slave trade (T/F)
True
190
What did the USA Patriot Act empower law enforcement agencies to do?
Wiretap and spy on citizens without their knowledge
191
By the year 2000, the AIDS epidemic
Was spreading less rapidly among gay Americans
192
What was the "Freedom Revolution"?
The Republican victory in the 1994 congressional elections
193
During the Clinton years, human rights emerged as a justification for interventions in matters once considered to be the Internal affairs of sovereign nations (T/F)
True
194
What was characteristic economically of the last two decades of the twentieth century?
The poor and middle class became worse off, while the rich became significantly richer
195
Which economic sector was the least affected by the scandals caused by deregulation?
Education
196
What has been one result of the high number of African Americans in the prison system?
The disenfranchisement of millions of Black men
197
A clear sign of multiplication in the United States was the spread of academic programs dealing with the unique experiences of specific groups (Black Studies, Women's Studies, Latino Studies, etc.) (T/F)
True
198
Due to the absence of legal segregation, which of the following groups migrated to the United States in higher number than ever before between 1970 and 2010?
Africans
199
What setback did the Bush administration suffer in its war on terror in 2008?
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Guantanamo Bay detainees could invoke rights under the U.S. Constitution
200
Which of the following groups was mostly at a disadvantage because of state laws disenfranchising persons with felony convictions?
Black men
201
The Taft-Harley Act
Was vetoed by President Truman
202
The so-called termination era
Is the time after the passage of House resolution 108
203
The Truman Doctrine Assumed
The United States would provide aid to any anticommunist regime, even if it was not a democratic one
204
What was the result of the Korean War?
Korea remained divided along the thirty-eighth parallel
205
Which of the following accurately depicts one of the uses of anticommunism?
Businesses resisted government regulatory efforts as "socialism"
206
What led to the Republican control of both houses of Congress in 1946?
Large numbers of middle-class voters voted Republican
207
To improve the image of the United States, the U.S. government sponsored artistic and cultural performances abroad (T/F)
True
208
Why did nearly 5 million workers walk off their jobs over the course of 1946?
The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers' real income
209
In the aftermath of World War II
The majority of soldiers went back to work
210
The United States was the first country to approve both covenants of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (T/F)
False
211
To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department
Funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits
212
Harry Truman's Fair Deal focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans (T/F)
True
213
Who made a name for himself with the Alger Hiss Spy case?
Richard Nixon
214
How did Black organizations employ the language of the Cold War?
They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home
215
The Fair Deal's main goal was to increase the standard of living of ordinary Americans (T/F)
True
216
Why did Harry Truman's loyalty review system target gay men and lesbians working for the government?
Gay men and lesbians were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the qualities necessary to fight communism
217
Heightened fears of communism had little effect on Native American reservations (T/F)
False
218
On what topic did Henry A. Wallace significantly differ from Truman?
Waging the Cold War
219
The United States won the Korean War (T/F)
False
220
Why did anticommunist Harry Truman veto the McCarran-Walter Act?
Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade
221
Before breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball, Jackie Robinson did what?
He opposed segregated seating on a bus in Fort Hood, Texas
222
Hollywood remained the one voice of protest during the McCarthy era, making films that glorified individualism, socialism, and the questioning of authority (T/F)
False
223
Both the Taft-Harley Act and the McCarran-Walter Act passed over Truman's veto (T/F)
True
224
Japan's constitution, which Americans had written, provided for the first time in Japanese history
Women's sufferage
225
During the Cold War, the American idea of freedom expressed by President Truman and envisioned by the Marshall Plan was tied to
Economic prosperity and production
226
After World War II, President Truman
Introduced his own version of the New Deal
227
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was the first long-term military alliance between the United States and Latin America (T/F)
False
228
In his Wheeling, West Virginia, speech of 1950, who did Joseph McCarthy claim had been infiltrated by communists?
The State Department
229
How did Congress respond to President Truman's policy initiatives?
Congress rejected both the Fair Deal and civil rights programs
230
The Nuremberg trials refers to what post-World War II events?
Trials in which German officials were prosecuted for crimes against humanity
231
In the 1950s, what did the term "totalitarianism" describe?
America's enemies in the Cold War
232
Operation Wetback
Was a military operation that rounded up undocumented immigrants found in Mexican American neighborhoods for deportation
233
Who was prevented from seeing the American Freedom Train exhibit in 1947?
People in Memphis and Birmingham were not allowed, because the train's organizers refused to segregate the viewing
234
What did the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 permit?
The revocation of U.S. citizenship if deemed necessary
235
Emerging from World War II, what was the only nation that could rival the United States?
The Soviet Union
236
Starting in the 1950s, the government asked federal employees to demonstrate their patriotism. This was especially true for those who were suspected of being disloyal. Along with this group, what other minority was specifically targeted by the government?
Gays and lesbians
237
What contributed most to Henry Wallace's defeat in the 1948 election?
He lost the support of New Deal liberals due to being associated with Communists
238
NSC-68 called for
A permanent military buildup to fight communism
239
President Eisenhower was concerned that the military-industrial complex would
Gain unwarranted influence in the government
240
Which of the following describes Oscar Handlin's denunciation?
He believed that the McCarren-Walter Act assumed there were different degrees of American citizenship
241
Operation Dixie was
A campaign hoping to eliminate anti-labor conservatives from the South
242
Which of the following statements about the Cold War's impact on American life are true?
The Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation
243
Jackie Robinson, the first Black man to play in Major League Baseball, won the Rookie of the Year Award (T/F)
True
244
Who were the "Dixiecrats"?
Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the "States' Rights Democratic Party"
245
What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings?
They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment
246
Who was the general who led the counterattack at Inchon during the Korean War?
Douglas MacArthur
247
Henry Steele Commager viewed the "new (American) loyalty" as
The uncritical and unquestioning acceptance of America as it is
248
The Berlin Blockade was
The Soviet Union's reaction to the establishment of a separate currency in the western occupied zones
249
Assess the effects of the Marshall Plan
It helped to jump-start the economies of Western Europe
250
Considering the there were many few radicals involved in the civil rights movement, groups like the NAACP remained unaffected by McCarthyism (T/F)
False
251
By the mid-1990s, the richest 1 percent of Americans owned how much of the nation's wealth?
40 percent
252
Domestically, Gerald Ford
Failed to revive the economy
253
Ronald Reagan was the most effective president at reshaping the nation's agenda and political language since which President?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
254
What did the busing issue illustrate about America in the 1970s?
The existence of white hostility toward a strong and powerful government who they believed was taking away their "rights" and "freedoms"
255
The "New Democrats" of the 1970s
Cared most about issues like race relations, gender equality, and the environment
256
Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment argued that a passage of the ERA would
Take away a woman's right to be a housewife
257
As a result of Watergate, what happened to Richard Nixon?
He resigned as president
258
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Prohibited discrimination in the basis of disability in any program or agency related to the federal government
259
In the Declaration of Continuing Independence, Native peoples declared their movement was different from other movements for aboriginal rights (T/F)
False
260
Barry Goldwater
Critiqued the welfare state
261
Why did President Carter cut off aid to Argentina in 1978?
Because the country was ruled by a dictatorship that brutally violated human rights
262
In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that
Fixed affirmative action quotes were unconstitutional
263
The Declaration of Continuing Independence appealed to which government body?
The United Nations
264
What triggered the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia?
The U.S. invasion of Cambodia
265
Which statement is true of the so-called misery index?
It was the sum of unemployment and inflation rates
266
Democrats nominated Senator George McGovern for president in 1972. McGovern only won in Massachusetts. What did the results of the elections suggest?
That certain sectors of society no longer swore loyalty to the Democratic Party
267
What was Reagan's reaction to the air traffic controllers' strike?
He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike
268
The Sunbelt in the 1970s
Was a growing conservative region
269
Under the Nixon administration, the United States
Aided dictatorial governments, like Pinochet's regime
270
Reagan strengthened the role of the federal government in
Crime control
271
Which area underwent the most population growth in the 1970s?
The Sunbelt
272
One important effect of Reagan's decision to fire striking air traffic to rollers was
An increase in anti-union offensives launched by private employers
273
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1973
Helped to revitalize Indian nations by giving them control over federal programs
274
Reagan intended to change the American tradition of welcoming people to America by closing the doors to Mexican immigration (T/F)
False
275
The morale in the army during the later years of the Vietnam conflict mirrored the social changes sweeping America at home (T/F)
True
276
In 1975, the Vietnam War ended
With the Paris peace agreement
277
Reaganomics initially produced what result in regard to the economy?
Severe recession
278
The Philadelphia Plan
Was ultimately abandoned by President Nixon
279
Richard Nixon's New Federalism
Offered state-grants that could be used however each state government chose
280
What did Nevada politician Richard E. Blakemore view as the cause of the Sagebrush rebellion?
Conflict between environmental protection and demand for energy
281
Neoconservative writer Jean Kirkpatrick
Helped set a foreign policy agenda that stepped up U.S. interventions in foreign countries
282
Which of the following statements is true of Proposition 13?
It proved taxation could be a trenchant issue for politicians and American voters
283
In spite of the efforts of conservatives, the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress and ratified by enough states (T/F)
False
284
In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, the Supreme Court decided
That students should be transported long distances in order to achieve school integration
285
After Nixon's 1972 visit to China
The Beijing government took China's place at the UN
286
What did the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 do?
It provided a path to citizenship for millions of undocumented immigrants
287
The effect of the lowering in value of the U.S. dollar during Richard Nixon's first term was
Negative, because the world economy became unstable
288
The Equal Rights Amendment
Stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex
289
Which statement is true of the war on drugs?
It grew out of public fear over crack use in urban areas
290
Which of the following is evidence that freedom for women expanded in the 1970s?
Gender discrimination was banned in higher education
291
When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into
The Democratic Party headquarters
292
The Nixon administration
Created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
293
What happened to many Black workers during the Reagan administration?
They lost manufacturing jobs when factories closed, and they lacked the education to join the technological industry
294
What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970?
The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime
295
During the 1970s, evangelical Christians
Significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal
296
Which of the following formed part of the conservative agenda?
A strong critique of the welfare state
297
Immediately after the end of the Vietnam War, Ford issued an unconditional pardon to all of the draft resisters (T/F)
False
298
What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon?
He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies
299
How did the experience of the 1970s shape America's neoconservatives?
Economic problems heightened the appeal of lower taxes and reduced government regulation
300
In which election year did a presidential candidate first claim he or she would "make America great again"?
1980
301
Southern conservatives joined the movement for racial justice sparked by the Montgomery bus boycott (T/F)
False
302
Martin Luther King Jr. gained inspiration for the idea of peaceful civil disobedience from whom?
Mahatma Gandhi
303
Which factor accounted for the reduction of income inequality in America between 1950 and 1973?
A progressive income tax
304
Which statement about 1950s consumer culture is true?
Television advertising linked consumption with a good middle-class life
305
By the end of the 1950s, what problem was the car causing?
Pollution
306
Which statement about industry is correct?
The unions' success in raising wages inspired employers to mechanize more and more elements of manufacturing in order to reduce labor costs
307
While ostensibly about providing Native Americans a better life, what was one consequence of the Urban Relocation Program enacted during the second half of the twentieth century?
The program was seen as an injustice and gave rise to a new generation of pan-Indian nationalists with stronger tribal ties than before
308
By the 1950s, half of America's black families
Lived in poverty
309
Why did the Eisenhower administration embrace the doctrine of "massive retaliation"?
The constant threat of mutually assured destruction under the doctrine made for more cautious diplomacy
310
Why were African Americans excluded from many new suburbs being built in the 1950s, like those in Levittown?
Banks and private developers refused to allow African Americans to purchase suburban homes
311
Which Third World leader sought to reduce foreign corporations' control over his country's economy through sweeping land-reform policies?
Guatemalan leader Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán
312
During the 1950s, which of the following functioned as economic engines of the U.S. economy?
Construction and spending on consumer goods
313
In the 1960 presidential election, John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon by a landslide (T/F)
False
314
In his Montgomery, Alabama speech, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. used the language of what concept to promote his cause?
Freedom
315
How did the United States violate the UN Charter in 1954?
By organizing a military attack to depose Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in Guatemala
316
Who was the author of Howl (1955), a book written to protest materialism and conformism?
Allen Ginsberg
317
Which statement best describes the thesis of David Riesman's book The Lonely Crowd?
Americans were conformists and lacked the inner resources to lead truly independent lives
318
Why did President Eisenhower use the CIA to overthrow the government of Iran in the early 1950s?
The government had attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields
319
Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision?
Some states closed schools rather than integrate, and let white children opt out of integrated schools
320
What ended the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
The Supreme Court ruled segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional
321
The National Defense Education Act marked the first time that the federal government provided direct funding for higher education (T/F)
True
322
If the 1956 elections had been held in Vietnam as scheduled, they would have almost certainly resulted in a victory for Ngo Dinh Diem's anticommunists (T/F)
False
323
How did Los Angeles epitomize the new emphasis on the car in 1950s America?
People drove to and from work on a web of highways and shopped at malls only accessible by driving
324
Which of the following assessments of the civil rights movement is most accurate?
The movement came as a great surprise and was predicted only by a few
325
The American National Exhibition in Moscow equated what with freedom?
Consumption
326
The percentage of families at or below the poverty rate increased during the 1950s (T/F)
False
327
Modern Republicanism
Consolidated and legitimized the New Deal
328
Ngo Dinh Diem
Was the anticommunist leader of South Vietnam
329
Governor Orval Faunus of Arkansas responded to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School
With defiance, refusing to comply and allowing violence to break out
330
William Levitt gave many Americans the opportunity to
Become homeowners
331
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man
332
To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant
Individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated captialism
333
Between 1946 and 1960, the American gross national product
More than doubled, and wages increased
334
The emergence of a popular culture geared toward the incipient youth market suggested they conformed with middle-class norms (T/F)
False
335
To what global issue did Martin Luther King Jr. link the struggle for civil rights in America?
Increasing freedom in Africa
336
The idea of "mutually assured destruction"
Contributed to an atmosphere of impending fear
337
How did American leaders react to their international reputation in terms of race relations?
They worried about their image overseas
338
Which statement is true of Brown v. Board of Education?
It marked the "Warren Court" as an active agent of social change
339
Labor and employers agreed to a new "social contract" that included which of the following provisions?
Unions left decisions regarding plant location in management's hands
340
During the 1950s, television
Became the most common source of information
341
What made the Army-McCarthy hearings unusual for American television programming of the 1950s?
It was deeply political and controversial
342
In the election of 1960, John F. Kennedy won a narrow victory despite
The anti-Catholic sentiment of many Protestants
343
What was a basic objective of the Indian Urban Relocation Program?
To move Native Americans off the reservations and into major urban areas like Chicago and Denver
344
This NAACP lawyer was instrumental in dismantling the legal basis for segregated schools in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case
Thurgood Marshall
345
What was the result of urban renewal programs in cities like Detroit, Chicago, and Los Angeles?
Low-income neighborhoods were bulldozed and replaced with cultural amenities such as shopping malls, universities, and sporting venues
346
The shopping mall was the inevitable result of
The growth of the suburbs
347
Which of the following challenged the mass conformity of the 1950s?
Beat poet Allen Ginsberg
348
America's image abroad during the Cold War
Could be a source of embarrassment for diplomats courting the support of the nonwhite world
349
Every southern congressman in the House of Representatives and Senate signed the Southern Manifesto in opposition to school integration (T/F)
False
350
During the 1950s, American teenagers
Grew in number, cultivating their own popular culture
351
Barry Goldwater's conservative movement
Was strongly embraced by the Young Americans for Freedom
352
What set President Lyndon B Johnson apart from his predecessor l, John F. Kennedy?
He grew up in a poor part of the United States
353
What philosophy did the protesters at the Greensboro sit-in adhere to?
Nonviolence
354
What best describes Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)?
Conservative students who aimed to take control of the Republican Party
355
What did the Sharon Statement say?
Communism posed the greatest threat to liberty
356
In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court declared the legality of interracial marriage (T/F)
True
357
What did the Greensboro sit-in protest?
A lunch counter at Woolworth's that refused to serve Blacks
358
What did the 1967 Supreme Court Loving v. Virginia ruling make legal in all states?
Interracial marriage
359
The violence in Birmingham was not surprising since it had a history of violence, most notably toward Blacks (T/F)
True
360
Richard Nixon's election to the presidency in 1968 inaugurated a period of radical liberalism in America (T/F)
False
361
What immigration reforms did the 1965 Hart-Celler Act enact?
It established the first limit on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere
362
What event forced John F. Kennedy to take meaningful action in support of the civil rights movement?
King's demonstration in Birmingham
363
Which of the following statements is true about Malcolm X?
He insisted Blacks should control their own resources
364
Which of the following statements best describes the legacy of the War on Poverty?
It helped significantly reduce America's incidence of poverty
365
During the Freedom Summer
A coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi
366
The 1963 March on Washington
Showed blacks and whites marching together
367
What was the focus of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan?
The discontents of middle-class women
368
Which of the following is an example of American influence in the world in 1968?
Other countries borrowed American language and strategy for protests against authority
369
What was Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged" an early call for?
Affirmative action
370
Which of the following is true about the Bay of Pigs invasion?
It was a total failure
371
Why are the riots in American cities during the 1960s best understood as battles?
Urban blacks saw the predominantly white police force as an occupying army
372
What made the sit-ins in the 1960s distinctive?
For the first time, college students were a leading force for change
373
The sexual revolution that accompanied the birth control pill was central to feminism's "second wave" in the 1960s (T/F)
True
374
What was a consequence of Engel v. Vitale?
The decision ruled prayers in public schools were unconstitutional
375
Which of the following is considered the climax of the sixties in U.S. history?
The year 1968
376
Which of the following statements is accurate of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?
It empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration
377
Which of the following statements is true about women's liberation?
It was a movement born of other movements where female activists had experienced discriminatory treatment for their male counterparts
378
'Second wave feminism' refers to the women's movement that largely focused on
Sexuality and reproductive rights
379
The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for which of the following?
Equal opportunities in politics
380
What was important to conservatives in the 1960s?
Enforcing law and order
381
What did the turmoil of 1968 lead to?
A conservative white backlash
382
In the 1964 election Barry Goldwater suffered a major defeat even though he succeeded in the Deep South. What did this suggest?
There was a strong opposition among whites to the civil rights movement
383
During the feminist movement, women came to believe that "the personal use of political," this permanently changing Americans' definition of freedom (T/F)
True
384
What led many priests, nuns, and lay Catholics to become involved in social justice movements in the 1960s?
The Second Vatican Council initiated sweeping reforms in the Roman Catholic practice
385
What occurred at the 1968 Democratic Party convention?
Tens of thousands of antiwar activists staged protests
386
What was the centerpiece of Johnson's Great Society?
The War on Poverty
387
The War on Poverty
Concentrated on giving the poor skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation
388
What was distinctive about the new environmentalism of the 1960s?
It led Congress to pass a series of measures aimed at conservation
389
Michael Harrington's 1962 book The Other America revealed that
Millions of Americans lived in poverty "invisible" to the middle class
390
Despite the National Indian Youth Council's use of "fish-ins," the courts did not restore Native American fishing rights in the Northwest (T/F)
False
391
What group fought for the civil rights of and better economic opportunities for migrants?
United Farm Workers
392
Which of the following groups was the leading force in advocating desegregation?
College students
393
Why did the city of Birmingham start integrating downtown businesses in 1963?
Black children protesting in the streets were assaulted by police with nightsticks and attack dogs
394
In what ways did counterculture represent the fulfillment of the consumer marketplace?
The counterculture extended the concept of individual choice into every realm of life
395
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 fail to address?
The right to vote in the South
396
What likely influenced Lyndon Johnson's choice to not seek reelection in 1968?
The public lost confidence in his administration's ability to wage the Vietnam War
397
The Hart-Celler Act did not alter the rate or national origin of immigration after 1965 (T/F)
False
398
Why did King decide to send black schoolchildren to protest in the streets of Birmingham?
Believing the police would use force against them, he would use those images to build support for the civil rights movement
399
Compared to the National Organization for women (NOW), the women's liberation movement was
A more direct outgrowth of the New Left
400
In addition to sit-ins, other forms of direct action
Attracted national attention, especially the 1961 "Freedom Rides"
