Study Guide

Question 1

What are the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage?

Answer 1

Early Symbol Use
Proficient Symbol Use
Egocentrism
Centration
Limited Conservation Ability
Conservation and Transformation

Question 2

How does fast-mapping help children learn new words?

Answer 2

The kid hears the word and makes hypothesis about what it means from context. Kid then uses the word, and uses feedback from others to test hypotheses.

Question 3

What is phonological awareness, and why is it important?

Answer 3

Phonological awareness: a child’s sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to the language being acquired. It also includes the child’s knowledge of of that particular language’s system for representing sounds with letters

Question 4

LO 8.3 (8.2.1) How does temperament change in early childhood?

Answer 4

Learns how environment reacts to their temperament and turns into personality

Question 5

Psychoanalytic Explanations for Gender (Freud)

Answer 5

• Kid needs to resolve Oedipus or Electra conflict so they must identify with the same sex parent.

Question 6

Social-Learning Explanations to gender (Bandura)

Answer 6

Parents shape gender development by reinforcement.

Question 7

Cognitive Development Explanation to gender

Answer 7

Logical steps to developing gender. Kohlberg’s proposal: Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

Question 8

LO 8.9 (8.4.2) How does the Authoritarian parenting style affect children’s development?

Answer 8

(High demands low warmth): Kids have low self esteem, poorer social skills, may be aggressive

Question 9

LO 8.9 (8.4.2) How does the Authoritative parenting style affect children’s development?

Answer 9

(High demands, high warmth) Children have high self-esteem, good social skills, good academic performance, more compliant and respectful

Question 10

LO 8.9 (8.4.2) How does the Permissive parenting style affect children’s development?

Answer 10

(Low demands, high warmth) Children lack maturity, show poorer academic performance, may be aggressive, do not take responsibility for actions

Question 11

Uninvolved type

Answer 11

Low demands, low warmth: Children lack social skills, are impulsive and antisocial, have disturbed social relationships

Question 12

LO 8.15 (8.6.2) What types of aggression do children display during early childhood?

Answer 12

Physical, Verbal, Instrumental (to get something), Hostile (to hurt someone or gain advantage)

Question 13

LO 8.16 (8.6.3) How do prosocial behavior and friendship patterns change during early childhood?

Answer 13

prosocial behavior tends to increase (except for comforting which declines)

Question 14

In what ways does the brain change during these middlechildhood?

Answer 14

2 major brain growth sperts (6-8 and 10-12). Sensory and motor areas grow. Myelination continues. Better selective attention, information processing speed, spatial perception, right-left orientation, and spatial cognition

Question 15

What are the three most important health hazards for 6- to 12-year-olds?

Answer 15

Injuries, Athsma, EXcessive Weight Gain

Question 16

What is horizontal decalage, and how does Siegler explain concrete operational thinking?

Answer 16

ignifies inconsistent performance in problems requiring the same cognitive process(es).

Question 17

How do children’s information processing skills improve during middle childhood?

Answer 17

• myelination of neurons in association areas
• Processing efficiency, automaticity, executive and strategic processes, expertise

Question 18

How did the psychoanalytic theorists characterize the middle childhood years?

Answer 18

Freud: Conflict with peers
ERikson: Industry vs inferiority

Question 19

What are the features of the psychological self?

Answer 19

Personality traits, self efficacy

Question 20

How does self-esteem develop?

Answer 20

Influencing factors: Social self assessment, Support from parents and peers, external influences

Question 21

How do children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about
right and wrong?

Answer 21

moral realism: kids listen to authority figures and try to avoid punishment
Moral relativism: Rules can be changed in some situations

Question 22

LO 10.9 (10.4.3) In what ways do boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years?

Answer 22

Gender self-segregation

Question 23

What factors contribute to resilience and vulnerability among poor children?

Answer 23

Protective factors: high IQ, presence of intellectually stimulating toys and activities,
Vulnerabilities: parent with alcoholism

Question 24

LO 10.13 (10.6.2) How does television affect children’s development?

Answer 24

Negative: violent tv could lead kids to becoming violent
Positive: educational tv could lead to kids learning

Question 25

LO 10.13 (10.6.2) How do videogames affect children’s development?

Answer 25

+ effects: enhance children’s spatial-cognitive skills, may increase self esteem
- effects: increases hostility
(though a lot of criticisms of the research)

Question 26

How do the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger
children?

Question 27

How do the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger
children?

Answer 27

• 2 brain growthspurts (13-15)&17
• Growth
• Joint development
• Muslces
• Puberty

Question 28

What are the major milestones of puberty for girls?

Answer 28

• breasts and pubic hair start to grow
• growth spurt
• development of breasts and pubic hair
• menstruation
• final stages of breasts and pubic hair

Question 29

Sexual Development in Boys

Answer 29

• First ejaculation comes around 13-14
• Lowering of voice
• Growth spurt

Question 30

Which teenaged girls are most likely to get pregnant?

Answer 30

• poorer, from single parent families, parents are uneducated, mom’s who were teen moms, moms are older