substance use disorders

Question 1

What are the ten classes of substances included in substance-use and substance-induced disorders?

Answer 1

Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, phencyclidine and other hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other/unknown.

Question 2

How does the DSM-5-TR define substance use disorders?

Answer 2

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems.

Question 3

What is required for the diagnosis of substance use disorder?

Answer 3

Two or more characteristic symptoms within a 12-month period.

Question 4

What are the specifiers used for substance use disorders?

Answer 4

Severity of the disorder and if the person is in early or sustained remission, on maintenance therapy, or in a controlled environment.

Question 5

What are substance-induced disorders?

Answer 5

Disorders that include substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders.

Question 6

What symptoms characterize alcohol intoxication?

Answer 6

Problematic behavioral and psychological changes, with at least one of six symptoms: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired attention or memory, stupor or coma.

Question 7

What are the symptoms required for alcohol withdrawal diagnosis?

Answer 7

At least two of eight symptoms: autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations or illusions, anxiety, psychomotor agitation, generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Question 8

What is required for a diagnosis of alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder?

Answer 8

Evidence of a significant decline in one or more cognitive domains that interferes with independence in everyday activities.

Question 9

What is Korsakoff syndrome linked to, and what are its characteristics?

Answer 9

Linked to a thiamine deficiency; involves anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation.

Question 10

What are the symptoms of opioid intoxication?

Answer 10

Significant behavioral or psychological changes, pupillary constriction, and at least one of three symptoms: drowsiness or coma, slurred speech, impaired attention or memory.

Question 11

What is required for opioid withdrawal diagnosis?

Answer 11

At least three of nine symptoms following cessation of heavy opioid use: dysphoric mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, diarrhea, yawning, fever, insomnia.

Question 12

What characterizes stimulant intoxication?

Answer 12

Maladaptive behavioral and psychological changes, and at least two of nine symptoms during or shortly after use.

Question 13

List some symptoms of stimulant withdrawal.

Answer 13

Dysphoric mood and at least two of five physiological changes: fatigue, vivid and unpleasant dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation.

Question 14

What symptoms characterize tobacco withdrawal?

Answer 14

At least four of seven symptoms: irritability, anger or anxiety, impaired concentration, increased appetite, restlessness, depressed mood, insomnia.

Question 15

What is the typical duration for withdrawal symptoms following nicotine cessation?

Answer 15

Ordinarily peak 48 to 72 hours after cessation and gradually wane over several weeks.

Question 16

What is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder?

Answer 16

Reexperiencing at least one of the perceptual symptoms experienced while intoxicated, causing significant distress or impairment.

Question 17

What are the common visual disturbances in hallucinogen persisting perception disorder?

Answer 17

Flashes of color and halos around objects.

Question 18

True or False: Reality testing during episodes of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder is intact.

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

What factors influence the treatment of substance use disorders?

Answer 19

The type of substance(s), the severity of the disorder, the presence of comorbidities, and the person’s preferences

Treatment ordinarily includes individual, family, and/or group interventions and medication.

Question 20

What are some evidence-based interventions for substance use disorders?

Answer 20

Cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, contingency management, family behavior therapy, community reinforcement approach, personalized normative feedback, text messages, relapse prevention therapy, 12-step facilitation

Research has generally found that combined interventions are most effective.

Question 21

What is the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA)?

Answer 21

A method based on operant conditioning that helps people arrange their lifestyles for healthy, drug-free living

It competes with alcohol and drug use.

Question 22

What is the primary focus of Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT)?

Answer 22

Working with a concerned significant other (CSO) instead of the identified patient

Goals include influencing the identified patient to enter treatment and improving the CSO’s quality of life.

Question 23

What does Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy (VBRT) involve?

Answer 23

Giving patients vouchers that can be exchanged for goods and services when they achieve treatment goals

Effective for promoting abstinence for substances like cocaine and tobacco.

Question 24

What is the effect of combining VBRT with other interventions?

Answer 24

Combining VBRT with another intervention may be the optimal approach

VBRT is useful for promoting initial abstinence but its effects fade when vouchers are discontinued.

Question 25

What is Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF)?

Answer 25

An intervention aimed at correcting misperceptions about the prevalence of behaviors to reduce those behaviors ## Footnote Initially developed for heavy-drinking college students.

Question 26

What are the four major functions of text messages in mental health interventions?

Answer 26

Appointment reminders, health care information, support, self-monitoring ## Footnote Effective for several mental health conditions, including substance use disorders.

Question 27

What is Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT) based on?

Answer 27

Describing substance addiction as a learned habit pattern and identifying high-risk situations for lapses ## Footnote It utilizes cognitive and behavioral strategies to manage these situations.

Question 28

What was the objective of Project MATCH?

Answer 28

To compare the effectiveness of different therapies for alcohol dependence or abuse and evaluate the client-treatment matching hypothesis ## Footnote Included cognitive behavioral coping skills therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, and twelve-step facilitation.

Question 29

What were the results of Project MATCH at the follow-ups?

Answer 29

All treatments produced significant reductions in drinking, with twelve-step facilitation having a slight advantage ## Footnote Support for the matching hypothesis was also observed.

Question 30

True or False: Combined interventions are generally found to be less effective than single interventions for substance use disorders.

Answer 30

False ## Footnote Research shows that combined interventions are most effective.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: __________ is a cognitive-behavioral approach that helps clients recognize and deal effectively with high-risk situations.

Answer 31

Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT) ## Footnote RPT includes training in coping skills and enhancing self-efficacy.

Question 32

What is a common outcome for clients whose social networks are supportive of drinking in Project MATCH?

Answer 32

They benefited most from twelve-step facilitation ## Footnote This was observed at the three-year follow-up.