SUGER 1 - Inguinal Canal & External Genitalia

Question 1

Where and what is the inguinal canal?

Answer 1

• located above the inguinal ligament

- oblique passage through the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 2

Where does the inguinal canal start and end?

Answer 2

START: deep inguinal ring (hole in tranversalis fascia)
END: superficial inguinal ring (hole in external oblique aponeurosis)

Question 3

Where is the superficial ring in relation to the pubic tubercle?

Answer 3

above and medial to pubic tubercle

Question 4

What does the inguinal canal contain in males? In females?

Answer 4

M: spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve
F: round ligament of uterus and ilioinguinal nerve

Question 5

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 5

white fibrous tissue - thin sheet-like tendon

• can bind muscles together
• can connect bone to muscle

Question 6

The aponeurosis of the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis form what?

Answer 6

the conjoint tendon

Question 7

Where is the conjoint tendon and where does it insert into?

Answer 7

• found behind superficial inguinal ring

- insets into pubic crest

Question 8

What forms the roof and the floor of the inguinal canal?

Answer 8

ROOF: internal oblique, transversalis fascia
FLOOR: inguinal ligament

Question 9

Clinical significance of inguinal canal?

Answer 9

common site for HERNIAS as it is a potential site of weakness

Question 10

What lies over the spermatic cord?

Answer 10

Ex. ob aponeurosis and in. ob fibres

Question 11

Where do the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves arise from?

Answer 11

L1

Question 12

What does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?

Answer 12

MALE: skin of root of penis and scrotum
FEMALE: mons pubis and labia majora

Question 13

Sensory and motor innervation of iliohypogastric nerve

Answer 13

S: skin over lateral gluteal region and above pubis
M: internal and transverse abdominal muscles

Question 14

Lumbar plexus arises from…

Answer 14

T12-L5

Question 15

Origin, insertion and action of the cremaster muscle?

Answer 15

O: inguinal ligament
I: tunica vaginalis
A: raise and lower the scrotum

Question 16

What is the inferior epigastric artery a branch of? What does it anastomose with and where?

Answer 16

Branch of external iliac artery

- anastomoses with superior epigastric artery at umbilicus

Question 17

Superior epigastric artery

Answer 17

supplies anterior abdominal wall and some of diaphragm

• cremasteric branch - supplies coverings of spermatic cord
• pubic branch

Question 18

What is a hernia?

Answer 18

intestine/peritoneum pushes through the inguinal canal

Question 19

Explain the 2 types of hernia

Answer 19

INDIRECT: comes through deep inguinal ring - right through the inguinal canal

DIRECT: invaginates posterior wall of inguinal canal - medial to inferior epigastric

Question 20

Why does a direct inguinal hernia not descend into the scrotum?

Answer 20

conjoint tendon wont allow it to

Question 21

Where can a direct hernia be found?

Answer 21

medial to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 22

What are the 3 coverings of the spermatic cord?

Answer 22

1. external spermatic fascia (from apo of ex. ob)
2. cremaster muscle and fascia (from int. ob)
3. internal spermatic fascia (from transversalis fascia)

Question 23

Structures making up the spermatic cord run from..

Answer 23

• deep inguinal ring
• inguinal canal
• superficial inguinal ring
• into scrotum

Question 24

Spermatic cord contents (3,3,3,3)

Answer 24

3 ARTERIES - testicular artery, artery to vas def, cremaster artery

3 VEINS - pampiniform plexus of veins, vein of vas def, cremasteric vein

3 NERVES - ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, sympathetic

3 OTHER - vas def, lymphatics, tunica vaginalis

Question 25

Skin sensation to the anterior 1/3 external genitalia is supplied by:

Answer 25

ilioinguinal nerve

Question 26

What is the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 26

- network of veins - venous drainage of the testes - wraps around testicular artery

Question 27

Apart from venous drainage, what does the pampiniform plexus do?

Answer 27

acts as a heat exchanger - cooling arterial blood before it reaches the testes

Question 28

Where does the right and left testicular vein drain into?

Answer 28

R: IVC L: left renal vein

Question 29

Where does the testicular artery come from?

Answer 29

branches of the abdomina aorta, below renal arteries

Question 30

What do the testes do?

Answer 30

- produce spermatozoa aka. sperm | - secrete testosterone

Question 31

What is the testes covered by?

Answer 31

the same three layers that cover the spermatic cord - external spermatic fascia - cremaster muscle and fascia - internal spermatic fascia

Question 32

What is the tunica vaginalis?

Answer 32

serous covering surrounding testes | - has parietal and visceral layer

Question 33

What is the fibrous capsule encasing the testes?

Answer 33

tunica albuginea - (inner layer after tunica vag)

Question 34

How many seminiferous tubules found in a single lobule in the testes?

Answer 34

1-3 mil

Question 35

What are the network of tubules in the hilum of the testes? What does it do?

Answer 35

- rete testis | - transports sperm from seminiferous tubules to efferent ducts

Question 36

Where do the sperm mature?

Answer 36

in the epididymis - connected to rete testes by efferent ducts

Question 37

What structure transports sperm to the urethra?

Answer 37

vas deferens

Question 38

What opens up into the vas deferens?

Answer 38

the seminal vesicles - secrete some of the components of the semen

Question 39

vas deferens + seminal vesicles = ?

Answer 39

EJACULATORY DUCT

Question 40

What is the scrotum?

Answer 40

pouch of skin containing the testes, epididymis and lower spermatic cord - skin = thick, dark, wrinkly

Question 41

The scrotum is made up of..

Answer 41

- skin - dartos (involuntary/smooth muscle) - fascia

Question 42

What does the dartos muscle do?

Answer 42

- works with cremasteric muscle to elevate testes - regulates temperature of the testicles in scrotum - high mobility for penile skin

Question 43

Contraction and expansion of the dartos muscle does what?

Answer 43

CONTRACTION: less heat loss . warms testicles EXPANSION: cools testicles

Question 44

3 parts of the penis

Answer 44

- root - body - glans

Question 45

What is the glans of the penis formed by? What does it contain?

Answer 45

- corpus spongiosum | - opening of urethra

Question 46

What is the external urethral meatus?

Answer 46

slit-like opening where urine exits urethra

Question 47

The small dilation of the end of the glans is the..

Answer 47

navicular fossa

Question 48

3 cylinders of erectile tissue

Answer 48

2 x corpus cavernosa | corpus spongiosum

Question 49

What contains most of the blood in the penis during an erection?

Answer 49

corpus cavernousua

Question 50

Which fibrous layer surrounds each cavernous body to maintain an erection?

Answer 50

tunica albuginea

Question 51

What does the bulb of the penis become? What does this structure then become?

Answer 51

- bulb becomes corpus spongiosum | - cs then becomes glans penis

Question 52

Where does the penile urethra enter, run and open?

Answer 52

enters bulb, runs through the corpus spongiosum, then opens at external urethral meatus

Question 53

How many muscles of the root of the penis? What do they do?

Answer 53

2 x bulbospongiousus - contracts to empty urethra of urine and semen 2 x ischiocavernosus - (surround crura) - contracts to maintain erection

Question 54

How does the ischiocavernous muscle contract to maintain an erection?

Answer 54

contraction forces blood from cavernous crura into the corpus cavernosa - maintaining erection

Question 55

Arterial supply of the penis? | They are branches of the internal pudenal artery that arises from the internal iliac artery

Answer 55

1. deep arteries 2. dorsal arteries 3. bulbourethral arteries

Question 56

Venous drainage of the penis?

Answer 56

1. deep dorsal veins (drains cavernous spaces) | 2. superficial dorsal veins (drains skin and cutaneous tissue)

Question 57

Innervation of the penis

Answer 57

S2-S4 sensory & sympathetic innervation to glans: DORSAL NERVE OF PENIS

Question 58

What causes and erection? (POINT AND SHOOT)

Answer 58

PARASYMP: inc blood flow SYMP: initiates ejaculation

Question 59

Fluid in the tunica vaginalis is known as..

Answer 59

hydrocele

Question 60

Varicocele refers to..

Answer 60

dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus