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My cards > SUGER 2 - Kidneys > Flashcards

SUGER 2 - Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Is the kidney a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ? Why?

A

retroperitoneal - sits behind the peitoneum with only one layer of peritoneum on its anterior surface

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2
Q

At what level do the kidneys lie? What is the difference between the two?

A

T12-L3 - right is lower than left due to liver

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3
Q

Name the layers the kidneys are covered by

What is their purpose?

A
  • renal capsule
  • perirenal fat
  • renal fascia
  • pararenal fat
  • purpose = anchor the kidney onto the posterior abdominal wall
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4
Q

What is the transversalis fascia? When its splits, what does it form?

A

Fascia in between the parietal peritoneum and the inner surface of the transversus abdominis

splits forming the renal fascia - enclosing the kidneys

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5
Q

What lies in front of the right kidney?

A

liver, duodenum, small intestines

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6
Q

What lies in front of the left kidney?

A

stomach, pancreas, spleen

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7
Q

Blood supply and venous drainage of the kidneys

A
  • renal arteries (come off aorta at L1)

- renal veins

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8
Q

Where do the right suprarenal vein and right gonadal vein drain into?

A

IVC

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9
Q

Where do the left suprarenal vein and the left gonadal vein drain into?

A

left renal vein - (this then drains into IVC)

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10
Q

Outline the drainage of the medullary pyramids into the ureters

A
  • medullary pyramids
  • renal papilla (apex of pyramids)
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
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11
Q

What collects urine from the renal pyramids?

A

minor calyx

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12
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

transport urine from the kidneys/renal pelvis to the bladder

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13
Q

The glomerulus and the convoluted tubules are parts of the nephrons found in the..

A

renal cortex

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14
Q

What structures are found in the renal medulla?

A
  • loop of henle
  • collecting ducts
  • collecting tubules
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15
Q

Where is the hilum of the kidneys and what does it contain?

A
  • L1

- renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis, nerves and lymphs

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16
Q

From anterior to posterior, name the structures at the hilum of the kidneys

A
  • renal artery
  • renal vein
  • renal pelvis (retroperitoneal)
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17
Q

What are the 2 muscles that the kidney lies on?

A
  1. psoas major

2. quadratus lumborus

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18
Q

Outline the pathway of the ureters down to the bladder

A
  • renal pelvis (lies on psoas)
  • travels under gonadal veins
  • travels medial to sacroilial joint
  • curves into pelvis
  • crosses anteriorly to bifurcation of common iliac artery
  • travels UNDER vas deferens and uterine arteries
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19
Q

Where are the ureters in relation to the ovaries?

A

runs posterior to ovaries

20
Q

What is the ureter made of and what does that allow it to do?

A
  • smooth muscle

- allows peristaltic waves to propel urine into the bladder

21
Q

Name some structures which the mesoderm gives rise to

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

22
Q

What do the adrenal glands consist of?

A
  • capsule
  • cortex
  • medulla
23
Q

Which fascia encloses the kidneys and the adrenal glands? What does it do?

A

renal fascia - attaches the glands to the crura of the diaphragm

24
Q

The adrenal glands are covered in perirenal fat. What does this do?

A

seperates the glands from the kidneys

25
Q

Name the 3 adrenal arteries that supply the adrenal glands

A
  1. superior adrenal arteries (arise from inferior phrenic artery)
  2. middle adrenal arteries (arises from abdominal aorta)
  3. inferior adrenal arteries (arises from renal arteries)
26
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

left and right adrenal veins

27
Q

Layers of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
28
Q

What overlaps and lies in front of the R adrenal gland?

A
  • IVC overlaps it medially

- liver lies in front

29
Q

Where does the L adrenal gland lie?

A

Behind the stomach and the pancreas

30
Q

Which adrenal gland is harder to remove and why?

A
  • right

- it lies underneath the liver and IVC crosses in front of it

31
Q

What forms the IVC and at what level?

A

L & R common iliac veins at L5

32
Q

What are the crura of the diaphragm?

A

two tendons that anchor the muscular part of the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebra

33
Q

Name the 3 arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm

A
  • medial arcuate ligament - thickening of fascia over the psoas major
  • lateral arcuate ligament - thickening of fascia over the QL
  • median arcuate ligament - formed by left and right crura - transmit aorta
34
Q

What are the structures passing through the median arcuate ligament?

A
  • aorta
  • azygos vein - (drains posterior chest)
  • thoracic duct
35
Q

What structures pass through the lateral arcuate ligament?

A
  • quadratus lumborus

- subcostal VAN

36
Q

The psoas major and sympathetic trunk pass through the…

A

medial arcuate ligament

37
Q

What is the posterior abdominal wall made up of?

A
  • lumbar spine
  • quadratus lumborum
  • psoas major
38
Q

Quadratus lumborum - O-I-A-In

A
  • O: iliac crest
  • I: inferior border of 12th rib
  • A: extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column
  • T12 - L4
39
Q

Where is the quadratus lumborum and the psoas major located?

A

QL: laterally in post. abdominal wall
PM: near midline of posterior abd wall

40
Q

Psoas major - O-I-A-In

A

O: T12-L5
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
A: flexion of the hip
In: L1 - L3

41
Q

Where is the iliacus located? What does it combine with?

A

inferiorly on the posterior abdominal wall

- combines with psoas major to form the iliopsoas

42
Q

Iliacus - O-I-A-In

A

O: surface of iliac fossa
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
A: flexion of the thigh
In: femoral nerve (L2-L4)

43
Q

Psoas minor - O-I-A-In

A

O: T12-L1
I: superior ramus of pubic bone
A: flexes vertebral column
In: L1

44
Q

Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)

A
  • 2 branches
  • GENITAL: passes through deep inguinal ring - supplies cremaster muscle
  • FEMORAL: passes under inguinal ligament - sensory innervation of the thigh
45
Q

What is a polar artery?

A

an accessory renal artery supplying the lower pole of the kidney

46
Q

Where can an abdominal aortic aneurysm be palpated

A

epigastric region of abdomen

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