summary from rafi fc

Question 1

A band

Answer 1

myosin + overlapping actin

Question 2

H band

Answer 2

within A, actin doesnt reach

Question 3

I band

Answer 3

actin which isnt part of A

Question 4

epimysium

Answer 4

whole muscle

Question 5

perimysium

Answer 5

single fasicle

Question 6

endomysium

Answer 6

single muscle fibres

Question 7

simple synovial joint

Answer 7

one pair of articular surfaces

Question 8

what are chondrocytes responsible for

Answer 8

EC matrix of hyaline cartillage T2

Question 9

what causes septic arthriits

Answer 9

staph aureus

Question 10

how to treat septic arthits

_ in a child

Answer 10

fluclox

child < 5 + cefriaxone for H. influenza / kingella cover

Question 11

which bugs cause OM

Answer 11

mycoplasma, pseudomonas, salmonella, brucella (goat’s milk)

Question 12

how to treat NF

Answer 12

penicillin + clindamycin

Question 13

process behind DMD

Answer 13

alterations in anchorage of actin skeleton to basement membrane (fibres weakend without attachemnt)

Question 14

what is enchondroma associated with

Answer 14

olliers + maffuci

Question 15

what actually is enchondroma

Answer 15

hyaline cartilage arising in medullary cavity

Question 16

what is LEMS

Answer 16

assoc with muscle weaenss + small cell carcinoma
arises from antibodies against Ca channels, causing reduced Ca entry + this reduced ACh vesicle release (which is needed to initiate muscle cell)

Question 17

A nociceptor

Answer 17

fast / initial pain

Question 18

C nociceptor

Answer 18

second / aftermath pain

Question 19

what does spinothalamic tract do

Answer 19

pain perception (where it is and how bad)

Question 20

what does spinoreticular tract do

Answer 20

autonomic / emotional response = fear of pain

Question 21

what does carbimazepine do

Answer 21

blocks Na channels, useful of neuromytonia

Question 22

anti phospholipid antibodies

Answer 22

anticardiolipin
lupus anticoagnulant
anti beta 2 glycoprotein

Question 23

what actually is sjrogens

Answer 23

autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands

RO and LA

Question 24

what actually are systemic sclerosis

Answer 24

autoimmune inflammation + thickening due to increased collagen deposition

Question 25

what are the symptoms of limited systemic sclerosis

Answer 25

CREST | calconosis, raynauds, eosophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyl, talangectasia

Question 26

antibodies of poly / dermatomyosisits

Answer 26

anti jo 1 | ANA

Question 27

treatmnet of polymyalgia rheumatica

Answer 27

15mg predisolone

Question 28

is there muscle weakness in dermatomyosiits

Answer 28

no muscle weakness

Question 29

SLE gene

Answer 29

HLA DR3

Question 30

type of reaction of SLE

Answer 30

T3

Question 31

antibody for SLE

Answer 31

anti - smith (very specific)

Question 32

symptoms of GCA

Answer 32

carotid bruit

Question 33

symptoms of polyarteritis nodosa

Answer 33

vessel bifurcation , hep B

Question 34

how to treat large vessel vasculitis

Answer 34

40-60mg predisolone

Question 35

GPA panca or canca

Answer 35

cANCA

Question 36

symptoms of GPA

Answer 36

saddle nose middle aged men palpable purpura

Question 37

how does methotrexate work

Answer 37

folate antagonist

Question 38

what is spondylolisthesis

Answer 38

forward slippage of one vertebrae onto another

Question 39

what is spondylolysis

Answer 39

defect in pars interarticulars of vertebrae

Question 40

pain going down stairs?

Answer 40

PCL

Question 41

what is OA dissecans

Answer 41

an area of the surface of the knee loses its blood supply + cartilage, sometimes causing bone to fragment off

Question 42

what is pes cavus

Answer 42

fixed plantar flexion of the forefoot

Question 43

tendinitis

Answer 43

inflammation resulting from microtears

Question 44

tendinosis

Answer 44

degeneration of collagen from chronic overuse

Question 45

mallet toe

Answer 45

DIP fixed

Question 46

hammer toe

Answer 46

PIP fixed

Question 47

what is cellulitis caused by

Answer 47

B-haemolytic strep + staph

Question 48

1st line investigation for roataor cuff pathology

Answer 48

USS

Question 49

osteochrondroma chance of malignancy

Answer 49

1% change of malignant transformation

Question 50

what does enchondroma look like on xray

Answer 50

leucent but can undergo mineralisation with a patchy sclerotic appearance

Question 51

what does osteoid ostemoa look like on xray

Answer 51

small nidus of immature bone surrounded by an intense sclerotic halo

Question 52

what is brodies abscess

Answer 52

subacute OM, lyitc lesion on xray

Question 53

malignancy rate of osteosarcoma

Answer 53

10% have pulmonary mets at diagnosis

Question 54

which defect of colalgen is osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 54

T1

Question 55

how to treat transient synovitis

Answer 55

NSAIDS

Question 56

what is most common cause of child hip pain

Answer 56

transient synovitis

Question 57

what happens in impingement syndrome

Answer 57

tendons of rotator cuff are compressed in the tight acromium space during movement - producing pain

Question 58

how to treat impingement syndrome

Answer 58

subacromial decompression

Question 59

DAB

Answer 59

dorsal interossei - abduction

Question 60

PAD

Answer 60

palmar inteossei - adduction

Question 61

definition of a knee dislocation

Answer 61

rupture of all ligaments

Question 62

nerve and artery at risk in a shoulder dislocation

Answer 62

axillary nerve + artery

Question 63

how to repair recurrent dislocations

Answer 63

bankart lesions

Question 64

what is at risk in a humeral shaft fracture

Answer 64

radial nerve + brachial artery

Question 65

what is a high risk with a scaphoid fracture

Answer 65

ANV

Question 66

what are the 2 intracapsular fractures

Answer 66

femoral head and femoral neck

Question 67

what are the 2 extracapsular fractures

Answer 67

intertrochanteric | subtrochanteric

Question 68

which is worse intra or extra capsular

Answer 68

intra

Question 69

compression injury salter harris 4

Answer 69

intraarticular salter harris 3+5

Question 70

where do simple bone cysts arise from

Answer 70

growth defect from the physis

Question 71

most common place to find osteosarcoma

Answer 71

knee

Question 72

seropositive arthritiis

Answer 72

``` RA lupus scleroderma vasculitis sjrogens ```

Question 73

seronegative arhtiris

Answer 73

anky spondyl psoriatic reactive enteric

Question 74

mixed CTD antibody

Answer 74

anti-RNP

Question 75

myositis antibody

Answer 75

anti jo 1

Question 76

back change in ankyl spondy

Answer 76

increased thoracic kyphosis

Question 77

xray changes on anky spondyl

Answer 77

sclerosis / fusion of SI joints syndesmophytes bamboo spine

Question 78

treatment for ankyl spondyl

Answer 78

NSAIDS physio anti-TNF

Question 79

crystals in pseudogout

Answer 79

calcium pyrophosphate

Question 80

what does chondrocalcinosis mean

Answer 80

depositino of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in cartilage in absence of acute inflammation

Question 81

are complement levels high or low in SLE

Answer 81

low

Question 82

what is the process behind sjrogens

Answer 82

excess collagen deposition

Question 83

does PR pain improve with movement

Answer 83

yes

Question 84

what is a poor prognostic factor of PM

Answer 84

dysphagia

Question 85

which treatment for fibromyalgia

Answer 85

amitriptaline + gabapentin

Question 86

age of GCA

Answer 86

>50

Question 87

how to treat ANCA +

Answer 87

IV steroids + cyclophsophamide (immune suppressor)

Question 88

is HSP ANCA + or -

Answer 88

negative

Question 89

which Ig is associated with HSP

Answer 89

IgA

Question 90

what actually happens in DDH

Answer 90

dislocaiton / subluxation of femoral head during perinatal period

Question 91

what is perthes

Answer 91

idiopathic osteochondritis of the femoral head causing necrosis + abnormal growth boys 4-9

Question 92

what is SUFE

Answer 92

pain in knee

Question 93

treatment for SUFE

Answer 93

pin femoral head to avoid slippage

Question 94

nerve at risk in hip joint problems

Answer 94

obturator nerve

Question 95

what kind of meniscal tear is bucket handle

Answer 95

longitudinal

Question 96

what test to do for meniscal tear

Answer 96

steimanns

Question 97

treatment for hallux ridigus

Answer 97

arthrodesis | allerviates pain but reduced motion

Question 98

where does the tibialise tendon insert into

Answer 98

navicular bone

Question 99

investigatoin for cauda equina

Answer 99

urgent MRI to determine level of prolapse | disectomy follows

Question 100

which probelms is carpal tunnel assocaited with

Answer 100

``` RA pregnancy diabetes renal fialure colles fracture ```

Question 101

tinnels test

Answer 101

percussion over median nerve

Question 102

phalens test

Answer 102

upside down prayer

Question 103

in proximal humeral fractures, which way does the humeral shaft displace

Answer 103

medially due to the pull of pectoralis major

Question 104

what is a nighstick fracture

Answer 104

fracture of ulnar shaft

Question 105

what is bartons frcature

Answer 105

intra articular fratcure of distal radius where carpal bones sublux

Question 106

how many degrees of angulation can be tolerated in a boxers fracture

Answer 106

45

Question 107

which nerve damage can be caused by proximal tibia lfracture

Answer 107

common fibular nerve

Question 108

common fibular nerve damage does

Answer 108

foot drop

Question 109

what is a pilon fracture

Answer 109

distal tibial fracture (intraarticular)

Question 110

what is a lisfranc fracture

Answer 110

fracture of the base of 2nd metatarsal with/without dislocation of the other metatarsals at the TMJ