Support Tissues

Question 1

What are the functions of loose connective tissue ?

Answer 1

1. Space filling
2. Energy storage
3. Cushioning
4. Immune function

Question 2

What are the types of looose connective tissue ?

Answer 2

1. Adipose
2. Areolar
3. Reticular

Question 3

What is adipose tissue for ?

Answer 3

1. Energy storage
2. Insulation and protection
3. Heat generation

Question 4

What is areolar tissue for ?

Answer 4

Structural support

Question 5

What is reticular tissue for ?

Answer 5

Structural support, but with spaces to enable cell movement

Question 6

What resident cells are found in loose connective tissue ?

Answer 6

1. Fibroblast- secrete polysaccharides and protein
2. Adipocytes- store lipids as droplets
3. Mast cells- release histamine
4. Endothelial cells and pericytes- barrier function and maintain stability

Question 7

What immigrant cells are found in loose connective tissue?

Answer 7

1. Monocytes- differentiate into macrophages
2. Macrophages- carry out phagocytosis
3. Lymphocytes

Question 8

What is dense connective tissue ?

Answer 8

It contains more collagen fibre than loose CT.
It has a greater resistance to stretching.
Two types: regular and irregular

Question 9

Describe regular dense CT ?

Answer 9

Fibres are parallel to each other
Enhanced tensile strength
Eg. Ligament and tendon

Question 10

Describe irregular dense CT ?

Answer 10

Direction of fibres is random
Greater resistance to stretching in all directions
Eg. Dermis of skin

Question 11

What are the functions of cartilage?

Answer 11

1. Connecting bone to bone
2. Cushioning joints
3. Protecting ends of bones

Question 12

What causes the distinctive appearance of cartilage?

Answer 12

Polysaccharide called Chrondrotin sulphate = proteoglycans

Question 13

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 13

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

Question 14

What is the most common type of cartilage ?

Answer 14

Hyaline

Question 15

What does hyaline cartilage consist of ?

Answer 15

Short and dispersed collagen fibres
Large amounts of proteoglycans

Question 16

Location of hyaline cartilage

Answer 16

Joint surfaces- adult
Foetal skeleton
Tracheal rings

Question 17

What are lacunae ?

Answer 17

Holes that chondrocytes live in

Question 18

What is appositional growth ?

Answer 18

Growth from the perichindrium- top layer of cartilage
Girth expansion and thickening

Question 19

What is interstitial growth of cartilage?

Answer 19

Expansion from within the tissue

Question 20

Organisation of hyaline cartilage

Answer 20

Blue colour tissue.
At articular surface, cells are flatter and collagen fibres are organised parallel to the surface to resist shear forces

Question 21

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 21

Contains elastic fibres aswell as collagen and proteoglycan.
It had rigidity and elasticity so helps to maintain shape of structures.

Question 22

What is elastic cartilage found ?

Answer 22

1. Pinna of ear
2. Epiglottis

Question 23

What is fibrocartilage ?

Answer 23

Intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue.
Visibly fibrous- high collagen fibre content.
Absorbs shock in joints and resists compression.

Question 24

Where is fibrocartilage found ?

Answer 24

Intervertebral discs
Meniscus in knee joint
Temporomandibular joint

Question 25

What are the types of bone ?

Answer 25

1. Spongy bone- contains trabeculae 2. Compact bone- organised into osteons

Question 26

What are osteogenic cells ?

Answer 26

Undifferentiated cells that divide They differentiate into osteoblasts

Question 27

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 27

Formation of bones from pre-existing cartilage Primary ossification centre = diaphysis (shaft of bone)- osteoclasts replace cartilage Secondary ossification centre = epiphysis (head) For long bones formation

Question 28

What is intramembranous ossification ?

Answer 28

Formation of bones directly through mesenchymal stems cells, without going through cartilage intermediate

Question 29

What is epiphyseal cartilage?

Answer 29

Growth plate- a layer of hyaline cartilage found between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bones. Zones: 1. Resting zone 2. Proliferation zone 3. Hypertrophic zone- cells grow larger 4. Calcification zone 5. Ossification zone The cartilage is replaced by bone in puberty. Proliferate in columns towards the diaphysis.