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SUR Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the main advantage of MSSR compared to SSR.

A

MSSR increases the azimuth accuracy.

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2
Q

State the category to which secondary radar (SSR) and multilateration (MLAT) belong.

A

The secondary radar (SSR) and multilateration (MLAT) belong to the category of cooperative independent systems. These systems require cooperation from the aircraft to provide accurate surveillance data.

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3
Q

Describe the capabilities of Civilian ATC Primary Radar.

A

Civilian ATC Primary Radar can provide range and azimuth.

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4
Q

Explain the limitations of ADS-B systems.

A

Limitations of ADS-B systems include reliance on GPS/GNSS availability and the requirement for aircraft to be equipped with compatible transponders.

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5
Q

Define FRUIT in SSR systems.

A

FRUIT (False Replies Unsynchronized in Time) is interference with an asynchronous reply - response to a request from another interrogator (Radar).

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6
Q

Describe what weather radar uses the Doppler effect for.

A

Weather radar uses the Doppler effect for detecting wind shears.

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7
Q

Identify the RADAR systems that provide aircraft identification.

A

Aircraft identification is provided by SSR - Mode S and SSR - Mode A.

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8
Q

What are the benefits of harmonization of surveillance data?

A

Harmonization of surveillance data enables cost-effective data sharing between different ATC-Centres and easier integration of data into a combined Radar image built from different sources.

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9
Q

Explain how PSR calculates the distance (range) of a target.

A

PSR calculates the distance (range) of a target based on the time difference between the transmitted pulse and the received signal echo.

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10
Q

State the surveillance data provided by PSR for use in ATC.

A

PSR provides 2D position of the aircraft (slant range, azimuth) for presentation to ATC.

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11
Q

List the requirements for PSR for movement monitoring on airport surfaces (SMR).

A

PSR for movement monitoring on airport surfaces (SMR) must have a short range and high update rate, higher resolution and accuracy than long-range radars, and the ability to monitor (track) aircraft/vehicles on the ground.

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12
Q

List the two types of MLAT systems.

A

The two types of MLAT systems are LAM (Local Area Multilateration) and WAM (Wide Area Multilateration).

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13
Q

Describe the fundamental difference between primary (PSR) and secondary (SSR) surveillance RADAR.

A

PSR is a non-cooperative system, SSR is cooperative and requires airborne equipment. PSR detects objects based on reflected radio waves, while SSR relies on transponders in the aircraft.

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14
Q

State the meteorological parameter that cannot be detected by a weather radar.

A

The parameter that cannot be detected by a weather radar is temperature.

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15
Q

Explain how the Multilateration system estimates the position of the aircraft.

A

The Multilateration system estimates the position of the aircraft by measuring the time difference of the arriving signals on the different receiving antennas.

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16
Q

For what purposes do radar systems make use of the Doppler effect?

A

The Doppler effect is used for Moving Target Detection (MTD) and radial speed calculation.

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17
Q

Name the category to which Primary Surveillance Radar belongs.

A

The Primary Surveillance Radar belongs to the category of Non-Cooperative Independent Surveillance. It operates independently of any equipment on the aircraft, detecting objects based on reflected radio waves.

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18
Q

Explain the principle of multilateration.

A

The principle of multilateration is to compare the time of reception of SSR/ADS-B signals at multiple receiving stations.

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19
Q

Describe primary radar.

A

Primary radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the position of an object (range and azimuth).

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20
Q

State the total number of available transponder Mode-A codes.

A

The total number of available transponder Mode-A codes is 4096 - although some of them are “reserved” for special use.

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21
Q

List the frequencies used for SSR interrogation and reply.

A

SSR uses 1030 MHz for interrogation and 1090 MHz for reply.

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22
Q

State three important parameters that may be contained in an ADS-B message.

A

An ADS-B message may contain the 24-bit ICAO address, aircraft ID, and aircraft position information.

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23
Q

Give an example of a non-cooperative surveillance system.

A

The prime example of a non-cooperative surveillance system is PSR (Primary Radar). Alternatively, PCL (Passive Coherent Location) is also a correct answer.

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24
Q

List possible call-signs an ATCO may use after a flight plan and surveillance data have been correlated correctly.

A

Possible call-signs an ATCO may use include aircraft registration (if no deliberate call-sign is known) and a combination of the operator ICAO designator and numbers or letters (usually).

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25
Explain the abbreviation ADS-B in surveillance.
ADS-B stands for Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast.
26
Name the airborne equipment required for co-operative surveillance.
Airborne equipment for surveillance includes the Transponder.
27
Explain why the antenna of a Surface Movement Radar (SMR) has a higher rotating speed than the antenna of a long-range (En-Route Surveillance) Radar.
The antenna of a Surface Movement Radar (SMR) has a higher rotating speed because a SMR requires a higher update rate.
28
List the alerts triggered by TCAS/ACAS.
Alerts triggered by TCAS/ACAS are RA (Resolution Advisory) and TA (Traffic Advisory).
29
Describe the category to which ADS-B belongs.
ADS-B belongs to the category of cooperative dependent systems. It relies on onboard systems to broadcast the aircraft’s position and other data to ground stations and other aircraft.
30
List the signals used by Multilateration.
Multilateration uses signals from SSR and Mode S Extended Squitter.
31
How are PSR and SSR targets usually differentiated for an ATCO?
PSR and SSR targets are usually differentiated for an ATCO by different geometric symbols.
32
Name the surveillance domains in ATM.
The surveillance domains are Air-Air, Air-Ground, Ground-Air and Ground-Ground. A subset of these may be used.
33
Describe how data is transmitted for ADS-B using 1090 MHz Extended Squitter (ES).
Data is transmitted periodically at defined intervals (broadcast) using 1090 MHz Extended Squitter (ES) - the "long" (112bit) Mode-S format
34
Describe what a Wide Area Multilateration (WAM) system uses to compute aircraft positions.
A Wide Area Multilateration (WAM) system uses a network of 1090 MHz receivers to compute aircraft positions from received transponder replies and squitters.
35
Which signals do Local Area Multilateration (LAM) systems use to calculate aircraft positions on the airport.
Local Area Multilateration (LAM) systems use SSR replies and Mode S squitter to calculate aircraft positions on the airport.
36
List the current and emerging ATC surveillance systems.
Current and emerging ATC surveillance systems include Primary Radar, Secondary Radar, ADS, MLAT, and TIS.
37
Describe the avionic requirements for ACAS.
ACAS requires dedicated antennas and access to the aircraft transponder.
38
Explain what the positional accuracy of the ADS system depends on.
The positional accuracy of the ADS system depends on the accuracy of the aircraft navigation system.
39
Explain what causes garbling in SSR systems.
Garbling is caused by two or more near-synchronous replies from aircraft that are too close to each other.
40
Identify the use of surveillance equipment in civil ATC.
Surveillance systems are mainly used for aircraft vectoring and identification. At airports, specialized surveillance systems are also used for surface movement detection.
41
Describe the basic characteristics of ADS-C.
ADS-C is a point-to-point application based on a contract between a ground system and an aircraft and it is typically used in Non-Radar coverage (Oceanic) areas.
42
Describe how PSR can differentiate moving targets from stationary targets.
PSR can differentiate moving targets from stationary targets by using the Doppler shift.
43
Which transponders answer to a Mode-S SSR "All Call" interrogation?
A Mode-S SSR “All Call” interrogation is replied by both, Mode A/C and Mode-S transponders.
44
Explain what “slant range” is.
Slant range is the line of sight distance between the radar and the target.
45
Define “garbling” in SSR systems.
Garbling in SSR systems means overlapping SSR replies because two or more aircraft are closer than 1.6 NM.
46
List interferences causing limitations in SSR interrogation/reply processes.
Interferences causing limitations include garbling and FRUIT.
47
Describe the frequencies used by Mode-S RADAR.
Mode-S RADAR uses the same frequencies as classical (Mode A/C) SSR and is able to interrogate Mode A/C-Transponders. Interrogation: 1030 MHz Reply: 1090 MHz
48
Identify the information provided by a Primary Surveillance Radar.
Information provided by a Primary Surveillance Radar includes slant range and azimuth.
49
State the main advantage of a non-cooperative system compared to a cooperative system.
The main advantage of a non-cooperative system is that it is still usable in case of a transponder failure or if an aircraft is not equipped with a transponder.
50
State where the technical requirements for secondary radar are described.
The technical requirements for secondary radar characteristics are described in ICAO Annex 10 Volume IV.
51
List the main users of surveillance data.
Main users of surveillance data include ATC, safety nets, FDPS, Air defence, and Flow management. SDPS is typically providing (processed) data to these users.
52
Explain why surveillance is required by ATM.
Surveillance is required by ATM to ensure that aircraft maintain separation. This helps prevent collisions and ensures orderly traffic flow.
53
State the frequencies used for SSR.
The frequencies for SSR are 1030 MHz for uplink and 1090 MHz for downlink worldwide.
54
Explain how the aircraft transponder distinguishes between a Mode A or Mode C interrogation.
The aircraft transponder distinguishes between a Mode A or Mode C interrogation by measuring the time span between the interrogation pulses.
55
State what ADS-C is primarily used for.
ADS-C is primarily used for position reporting in Non-Radar coverage (e.g., Oceanic) areas.
56
Describe the characteristics of the ICAO 24-bit address used by secondary radar in Mode S and ADS-B systems.
The ICAO 24-bit address is unique, fixed, and allocated to the aircraft.
57
What are the main information provided by surveillance in ATM.
Surveillance in ATM provides information about the position and identification of air traffic.
58
Name possible techniques for the exchange of surveillance data.
Possible techniques for the exchange of surveillance data include point-to-point connection, microwave link, and satellite link.
59
List the requirements for an object to be detected by a Primary Radar.
To be detected by a Primary Radar, an object must have a detectable Radar Cross Section (above a certain minimum) and be within the line of sight.
60
State the surveillance systems that integrated systems for movement monitoring on airport surfaces (A-SMGCS) can include.
Integrated systems for movement monitoring on airport surfaces (A-SMGCS) can include SMR (Surface Movement Radar), ADS-B, and LAM (Local Area Multilateration). Additionally, localised sensors (e.g. microwave barriers) can be used.
61
Describe what radar is and its use in air traffic control.
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range and direction of objects. It is widely used for air traffic control and weather monitoring - additionally, outside the scope of air traffic control, it is used for maritime navigation.
62
List the limitations or disadvantages of civilian ATC Primary Radar.
Limitations or disadvantages of civilian ATC Primary Radar include no altitude information, no identification information, and clutter interference.
63
Why do Local Area Multilateration (LAM) systems have to be highly configurable?
Local Area Multilateration (LAM) systems are highly configurable to cover all areas of interest at an airport.
64
State the minimum number of MLAT ground stations required to get a 3D position.
The minimum number of MLAT ground stations required to get a 3D position is 4.
65
Identify the category to which multilateration belongs.
Multilateration belongs to the category of cooperative independent surveillance.
66
List the capabilities of primary surveillance radar (PSR).
Primary surveillance radar permits determining the position (azimuth and slant range) of aircraft and the detection of non-cooperating aircraft.
67
State typical ATC requirements for Airport Surface Surveillance.
Typical ATC requirements for Airport Surface Surveillance include high refresh rates, runway incursion warning, aircraft identification, and ground vehicle identification.
68
Explain the main advantages of Mode-S RADAR.
The main advantages of Mode-S RADAR are selective aircraft interrogation, air-ground data exchange, and reduced garbling.
69
List the information provided by Mode A/C Secondary Radar to ATC.
Mode A/C Secondary Radar provides ATC with barometric altitude, identity, range, and azimuth.
70
Explain the term "radar cross section" (RCS).
The RCS is a measure of the reflective properties of a target to radar waves
71
What kind of range information does a PSR provide?
A PSR provides the slant range between PSR antenna and target.
72
What is the name of the EUROCONTROL standardized and widely adopted surveillance data format?
An EUROCONTROL standardized and widely adopted surveillance data format is ASTERIX (All-purpose structured EUROCONTROL surveillance information exchange).
73
Describe clutter in radar terminology.
Clutter refers to unwanted signals reflected from land, sea, or atmosphere.
74
State which information a Mode C reply contains.
Mode C replies comprise barometric aircraft altitude information.
75
Name an Automatic Dependent Surveillance Datalink format.
1090 MHz Extended Squitter
76
List tools that can be used to analyze surveillance data.
Tools that can be used to analyze surveillance data include RAPS, SASS-S, and SASS-C.
77
List benefits of ADS-B compared to PSR and (M)SSR systems.
ADS-B provides a higher update rate than conventional TMA or En-Route Radar systems and often is cheaper to install and operate than a ground-based Radar.
78
Describe the typical range of En-route Primary Surveillance Radar.
The typical range of En-route Primary Surveillance Radar is 150 to 200 NM
79
List the cooperative independent surveillance techniques.
The cooperative independent surveillance techniques include Secondary radar (SSR, MSSR with mode A/C and Mode S) and Multilateration.
80
Identify the technology described by “Surveillance data is transmitted based on a contract between a ground system and an aircraft.”
This technology is ADS-C (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract).
81
State the primary function of surveillance in ATM.
Surveillance enables ATM to locate and identify aircraft and maintain the specified separation of air traffic. This helps in maintaining the safe and efficient movement of aircraft during all phases of operations.
82
Name important legal documents / requirements!
1. ICAO Annex 10 Volume IV 2. ICAO DOC 9924 3. Eurocontrol Standard Document „Radar Surveillance …“ 4. LuftBO (Betriebsordnung) 5. FSAV (Verordnung über die Flugsicherungsausrüstung der Luftfahrzeuge)
83
ATM uses Surveillance to… 1. Identify aircrafts 2. Improve departure- and arrival-times 3. Maintain separation of airtraffic 4. Improve flightplans
(1) Identify aircrafts UND (3) Maintain separation of airtraffic
84
Select surveillance domains 1. air-air 2. air-vehicle 3. ground-air 4. ground-ground 5. vehicle-ground 6. plane-transponder
1.air-air 3.ground-air 4.ground-ground
85
Select all cooperative detection techniques 1. SSR 2. PSR 3. ADS-B 4. MLAT 5. Mode-S
1.SSR 3.ADS-B 4.MLAT 5.Mode-S
86
Select current and emerging surveillance technologies 1. PSR 2. ILS 3. ADS 4. TIS 5. ADF 6. MLAT
1.PSR 3.ADS 4.TIS 6.MLAT
87
The 'C' in ADS-C means 1. Combined 2. Converted 3. Current 4. Contract 5. Catalogue 6. Compatible
4.Contract
88
Select main users of surveillance data 1. Human Ressources 2. FDPS 3. ATC 4. Telephone provider 5. Safety nets 6. Flow management
2.FDPS 3.ATC 5.Safety nets 6.Flow management
89
Technical requirements for SSR re described in 1. StVo 2. FSAV 3. ICAO Annex 10 Vol. 4 4. ICAO Annes 12
3.ICAO Annex 10 Vol. 4
90
Order surveillance systems by range (starting with lowest range at bottom) 1. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) 2. En-Route Radar (S-REM) 3. Surface Movement Radar (SMR)
2.En-Route Radar (S-REM) 1.Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) 3.Surface Movement Radar (SMR)
91
Select the correct statements 1. Higher PRF higher range 2. Higher PRF lower range 3. Update rate increases with higher turning rate 4. Update rate decreases with higher turning rate 5. Range increases with higher turning rate 6. Range decreases with higher turning rate
2.Higher PRF lower range 3.Update rate increases with higher turning rate 6.Range decreases with higher turning rate
92
State the standard format used for surveillance data 1. ASTERIX 2. OBELIX 3. IDEFIX 4. ALLESNIX
1. ASTERIX
93
Order surveillance technologies by means of informations supplied (most informations to the top) 1. PSR 2. Mode S 3. SSR
2.Mode S 3.SSR 1.PSR
94
SSR is always better than PSR 1. Yes 2. False
2.False
95
The typical maximum range of an En-Route PSR is 1. 250 NM 2. 50NM 3. 200NM 4. 500NM 5. 125NM
3.200 NM
96
State the effects which can be detected by weather radar 1. Rainfal 2. Hail 3. Snow 4. Temperature 5. Wind shear 6. Sunset
1.Rainfal 2.Hail 3.Snow 5.Wind shear
97
The doppler effect is used for 1. time synchronisation 2. moving target detection (MTD) 3. radial speed calculation 4. altitude calculation
2.moving target detection (MTD) 3.radial speed calculation
98
Select alle independant Surveillance technologies 1. PSR 2. SSR 3. Mode S 4. ADS-B 5. MLAT
1.PSR 2.SSR 3.Mode S 5.MLAT
99
State the primary function of surveillance in ATM.
Surveillance enables ATM to locate and identify aircraft and maintain the specified separation of air traffic. This helps in maintaining the safe and efficient movement of aircraft during all phases of operations.
100
State the weather effects which can be detected by weather radar.
Thunderstorms, Rain, Windshear, Clouds, Turbulences, Regions of upwind
101
List some limitations according to Mode-A/C secondary radar.
4096 Identifiers maximum, 100ft, Garbling, FRUIT
102
How is the origin of surveillance data identified?
SAC System Area Code, SIC System Identification Code
103
What does complementary use of different surveillance sensors mean?
Use of different technologies to provide similar services.
104
List systems involved in Airport Surface Surveillance.
MLAT, SMR, ADS-B
105
What is the typical rotation speed of an SMR antenna? Why?
1Hz
106
State some tools used to analyse surveillance data.
Recording Analysis Playback and Simulation System (RAPS), Surveillance Analysis Support System (SASS)

ATSEP Basic (13 decks)

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