Svience biology Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What does the phosphate group do?
A
involved with the sugar in helping hold together the DNA sugar
2
Q
What is the big bang theory?
A
a theory stating that their was nothing until a singularity occurred and the universe expanded outwards evenly
3
Q
What are examples of the atmosphere?
A
- thin compared to earth
- air, oxygen and gases
- 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon and 0.1% other
4
Q
What makes carbon dioxide special?
A
unlike nitrogen and oxygen (2 atoms) it has 3 atoms allowing it to absorb/trap heat
5
Q
What is a planetary nebula?
A
old red giants continue to expand until its outer shell gets ejected making a ring shaped nebula
6
Q
What is cell division?
A
the process in which parent cell divides into 2 or more daughter cells
7
Q
Is the the natural greenhouse effect vital?
A
yes, to maintain earth’s temperatures and ensure it’s habitable
8
Q
Whats the radius of a neutron star?
A
10km
9
Q
Where does a stars energy come from?
A
nuclear fusion of mainly hydrogen atoms.
10
Q
What type of letters are dominant and recessive alleles represented by?
A
dominant - capital
recessive - lowercase
11
Q
What is cell specialisation?
A
The process where generic cells transform into specialised cells with defined roles.
12
Q
What are examples of the lithosphere?
A
- earth’s crust
- cool part of mantle
- mountains
- continents
- ocean floor
- rocks, sands, minerals and soil
13
Q
What type of bond connects the nitrogenous base with a pentose sugar?
A
covalent
14
Q
Under what conditions does a main sequence star become a red giant?
A
smaller than 8x suns mass
15
Q
What is natural selection?
A
the process in which an environmental factor acts on a population and results in some organisims having greater chance of survial and producing more off spring than others
16
Q
What is a supernova?
A
the expanding shock wave that occurs when supergiants are destroyed by a titanic explosion leaving only the core
17
Q
What are galaxies?
A
clusters of relatively close stars, dust and other remnants that are held together by gravity.
18
Q
What is gravity?
A
a weak force, that over billions of years have attracted stars to clump together to form a galaxy.
19
Q
What are alleles?
A
- an alternative form of gene
- every trait has 2 alleles
- expressed as dominant of recessive
20
Q
What is short wave radiation?
A
radiation directly from the sun, converts to heat when it heats an object
21
Q
Under what conditions does the remaining supergiant core become a neutron star?
A
less than 3x suns mass
22
Q
What is a black dwarf?
A
once a white dwarf cools enough it becomes invisible thus becoming a black dwarf
23
Q
What does the Lithosphere include?
A
solid earth
24
Q
What are genes?
A
- the sequence of DNA that codes for protein thus determines a trait
- each chromosome contains many genes that code for different traits
25
Does genetic variation increase or decrease genetic fitness?
both
26
What is mitosis?
a type of cell division done by most of your body
27
What are the 4 symbols of a pedigree and their meanings?
circle - female
square - male
coloured - affected
slash - dead
28
What does the inside of chromosomes act like?
instructions to teach cells how to function and replicate
29
Can atoms be destroyed or created?
neither
30
What are the two things main sequence stars can become?
red giant and supergiants
31
What is evolution?
the change in a species over many generations resulting in the formation of a new species
32
Why is mitosis important?
growth and repair
33
What are the 3 main influences on climate?
- earths surface - how much sun energy will be reflected back
- gases in atmosphere - how much and what types
- orientation of the earth - angle of suns radiation effects intensity (more steep = more intense vice versa)
34
What is an example of speciation?
- VARIATION in giraffe necks
- giraffes ISOLATED to environment and struggle to survive
- the phenotype best suited to environment is SELECTED by environment and passed on
35
What is earths nearest star?
sun
36
What does the Atmosphere include?
the gases that surround earth
37
Whats a genotype?
genetic makeup of an organism (allele)
38
What are the two chromosomes females and males have?
females - XX
males - XY
39
What is fusion?
combination of atoms
40
What do stem cells replace?
worn out cells
41
What is a pedigree?
a diagram that shows the relationship between parents and children over generation and how a trait is passed down
42
Whats the mass of a neutron star?
5x the sun
43
Whats the carbon cycle?
- plants absorb carbon
- animals eat plants and carbon
- carbon returns back to atmosphere from dead plants, animals and poo
- carbon stored underground becomes coal
- when coal is used it returns back to atmosphere
- carbon can go into ocean
- plants return carbon through plant respiration
44
What is the star colour/temperature or spectral class guide?
O, B, A, F, G, K, M
45
What are chromosomes
small structures of tightly coiled DNA segments made of DNA and protein
46
Is cytokinesis and interphase part of mitosis?
no
47
Why do 3 atoms allow molecules to absorb heat?
allow vibrations in more ways
48
How many stars are main sequence stars?
90%
49
How many out of the 46 chromosomes actually determine the gender?
2
50
How many pairs of chromosomes are there?
23
51
What are traits?
- a specific characteristic that varies with different people
- genes coded define our traits
- physical, behavioural, predisposition and medical
52
What are cells?
- basic building blocks of organelles
- vary in size, shape and function
53
How have humans altered the greenhouse effect?
unbalanced CO2 in atmosphere, the earth can no longer keep up with the release of greenhouse gases and so they remain in the atmosphere with the trapped heat causing the climate to change and the globe to warm
54
What does the structure of a nucleotide look like?
rectangle nitrogenous base connected to hexagon pentose sugar via covalent bond and phosphate small circle is connected to sugar (far left)
55
What are the 3 steps of speciation?
- variation
- isolation
- selection
56
What is the range of colours a star can be?
Blue, Light Blue, White, Light Yellow, Yellow, Orange, Red
57
What are the two types of pairings?
- homozygous (same)
- heterozygous (different)
58
What would happen if the universe expanded faster?
- more stable neutrons
- have more helium
59
What is an environmental factor/selective agent?
- factor that acts on population
- two types biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)
60
What are the two parts of a chromosome?
centrometere and chromatid
61
What is selective pressure?
the effect of the selective agent on the population
- most selective agents inflict this by killing less fit individuals
62
Where is DNA located?
nucleus of cell (unable to leave)
63
What is Metaphase?
MIDDLE
chromosomes are lining up in the middle
64
What is long wave radiation?
the heat radiated from an object that has received short wave infrared radiation
65
What is prophase?
TOGETHER
chromosomes are together, visible and condensing
66
What are the two things the remaining core of a supernova can become?
neutron star and black hole
67
What are chromosome pairs called?
homologous
68
What is the ozone layer?
- a thin atmospheric layer of earth formed by ozone molecules
- forms when radiation separates the 2 atoms of an ozone molecule and the molecules than individually combine to form the ozone
- absorbs most of the suns harmful UV radiation
69
What is cytokinesis?
- clear separation and division between 2 cells
- cytoplasm splits
70
What are the 2 purines?
Adeline and Guanine
71
Whats a punnet square?
used to work out the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes
72
Whats the densest objects in the universe?
black holes
73
What is Telophase?
SEPERATE
opposite ends, two seperate cells
74
What happened to the universe after the big bang?
- the universe was foggy
- the was formed but hot hydrogen plasma from the big bang
- the plasma cooled, stabilising atoms and dissipating fog
- this process left heat remnants from BB called cosmic background radiation
75
How fast does light travel?
300 000 km/s
76
What are red giants?
- come from main sequence stars that are less than 8x the mass of the sun
- large bright cool stars
- last around 1 billion years
77
What is the biggest known star?
supergiant
78
What is red shift?
- when a star moves away from us
- lower frequency wave
- frequency wave is stretched out making it appear red
79
How do stars vary?
size, colour and temperature
80
What is Cosmic Background Radiation
- the heat remnants from the big bang
- faint background radiation found with sensitive telescopes
81
When do greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere?
when shortwave radiation from the sun is absorbed by the earth's surface and re radiated as long wave infrared radiation
82
What is interphase?
- 90% of cell cycle
- cells duplicating DNA
- 46 chromosomes become 92
83
What are the 2 types of sugars in DNA and RNA?
DNA - Deoxyribose sugar
RNA - Ribose Sugar
84
What are the 2 pyrimidines?
Cytosine and Thymine
85
What energy is emitted from stars?
heat and light energy
86
How have most galaxies shifted?
red shifted
87
What does the Biosphere include?
all life on earth
88
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?
A and T (apples in trees)
C and G (cars in garage)
89
What do the lines mean in a pedigree?
different generation (one per line)
90
What is Meiosis?
process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)
91
What is gene regulation?
process of turning genes on and off to control what cells transform into
92
Where are stars formed?
nebula
93
What is a karotype?
picture of chromosome
94
What are main sequence stars?
stars that are still undergoing nuclear fusion
95
96
What is a neutron star?
- when the remaining core of a supergiant is less than 3x the mass of the sun neutrons stars will form
- the smallest and densest stars known
- radius of 10km
- very hot mass of 5 times the sun
97
How much DNA do most of your cells contain?
all of it
98
What percent of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide?
0.04%
99
What is DNA?
deoxyribonucleic acid
- the universal code for all organisms that contains genetic information needed to code proteins
-contains information that determines inherited characteristics
100
What are the Eukaryotic cells?
- plant and animals
- nucleus and organelles enclosed in plasma membrane
101
Under what conditions does the remaining supergiant core become a black hole?
more than 3x suns mass
102
Whats a phenotype?
the physical characteristic (words)
103
What is the smallest densest star known?
neutron star
104
What is fertilisation?
the fusion of an egg and sperm
105
What are the 3 different ways to represent the probability of genotypes?
- percentages
- fractions
- ratios
106
What is a supergiant?
- main sequence stars that are more than 8x the sun will become a red supergiant
- largest known star and cool
- last for 100 thousand years
107
how long does the protostar period last?
1 million years
108
What are black holes?
- when the remaining core of a supergiant is more than 3x the mass of the sun the core collapses and a black holes will form
- densest objects in the universe
- gravitational pull so strong light cannot escape
109
What is a star?
a giant ball of hot glowing gases predominately hydrogen and helium
110
What is cell theory?
- all organisms are made of cells
- all cells are made by pre-existing cells
- the cell is the smallest living organism
111
What is Anaphase?
AWAY
chromosomes are moving to the sides
112
What is blue shift?
- when a star moves toward us
- higher frequency wave
- frequency wave it stretched out making it appear blue
113
What would happen if the universe expanded slower?
- less stable neutrons
- less helium
114
What are light years?
(ly) a measure of distance, how far light travels in one year.
115
What are examples of the hydrosphere?
- oceans, lakes, rivers, ice caps, glaciers, rain and snow
- 97% salt water and 3% fresh water
- most fresh water is frozen
116
What is the universes continuing consistent expansion rate?
73% hydrogen anf 26% helium
117
What are examples of the biosphere?
- ecosystems
- extends into other spheres
- animals, human and plants
118
What are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide?
- Phosphate group
- Pentose sugar
- Nitrogenous Base
119
What is a DNA structure when its twisted and untwisted?
double helix and ladder
120
What are Prokaryotic cells?
- unicellular organism
- no nucleus
121
Why does interphase occur?
we need 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell created
122
What are the 4 spheres of the earth?
- Lithosphere
- Hydrosphere
- Biosphere
- Atmosphere
123
How long does the supergiant stage last?
100 thousand years
124
Whats the order from biggest to smallest starting with cell?
- cell
- nucleus
- chromosome
- DNA
- gene
125
What does the Hydrosphere include?
all water on earth
126
Under what conditions does a main sequence star become a supergiant?
bigger than 8x suns mass
127
What is a protostar?
young stars that are still gathering mass from a nebula, lasts a million years
128
How many chromosomes do gametes have?
23
haploid
129
What is spectral class?
range of colour and temperature a star can be
130
What is a nebula?
A massive interstellar formation of gas and dust, all stars are formed.
131
What is a white dwarf?
- the hot core that remains when a planetary nebula forms
- as dense as the sun but the same size as the earth
- last 10-999 billion years
132
What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
PMAT
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
133
What are the two types of chromosome abnormlities?
- numerical - someone is missing or has an extra chromosome
- structural - multiples different chromosome structures (deletions and duplications
134
What is a nebula?
a big interstellar formation of gas and dust where stars are made
