PE BONES Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones does the human baby have?
A
300
2
Q
How many bones do you have in adulthood?
A
206
3
Q
Why do you have less bones when you grow up?
A
bones fuse, harden and grow
4
Q
Why do bones harden?
A
ossification
5
Q
How do bones vary?
A
shape and size
6
Q
What are bones composed of?
A
living tissues are constantly broken down
7
Q
What is the outer layer of a bone?
A
- periosteum
- covered in blood vessel and nerves
8
Q
What is the inner part of a bone?
A
- medullary cavity
- filled with bone marrow
9
Q
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
A
- support (bodys framework)
- protection (protects vital organs)
- movement (works with muscles to move)
- storage (stores minerals)
- blood cell production (bone marrow makes blood cells)
10
Q
What does the axial skeleton include?
A
middle and head
11
Q
What does the appendicular skeleton do?
A
arms and legs
12
Q
What bones are in the toes?
A
tarsal bones
13
Q
What 2 bones are in the lower leg?
A
tibia and fibula
14
Q
What us the hip bone?
A
pubis
15
Q
What are the finger bones?
A
metacarpals
16
Q
What are the two bones in the lower arm?
A
radius and ulna
17
Q
What is the bone in the upper arm?
A
humerus
18
Q
What is the shoulder bone?
A
scapula
19
Q
What is the spine bone?
A
vertebral column
20
Q
What is the 2 chest bones called?
A
rib cage - edges
sternum - centre
21
Q
What are the 2 head bones?
A
skull - top head
mandible - jaw
22
Q
What are the 5 parts of vertebral column from top to bottom?
A
UN-FUSED
- cervical 7
- thoracic 12
- lumbar 5
FUSED
- sacrum 5
- coccyx 4
23
Q
How bones bones are in the vertebral column?
A
33
24
Q
What are the 5 different bone types?
A
- flat
- long
- irregular
- short
- sesamoid
25
What are flat bones?
- thin, flat and generally curved
- protection for organs and muscle attachments sites
- scapula, skull and sternum
26
What are examples of flat bones?
scapula, skull and sternum
27
What are long bones?
- long with tubular shape
- supporting body weight
- femur, humerus and tibia
28
What are examples of long bones?
femur, humerus and tibia
29
What are irregular bones?
- complex shape
- provide support and protection
- vertebre and mandible
30
What are example of irregular bones?
vertebra and mandible
31
What are short bones?
- roughly cube shaped
- stability, support and movement
- carpals and tarsals
32
What are examples of short bones?
carpals and tarsals
33
What are sesamoid bones?
- small and round
- found within tendons
- protect tendon
- patella and pisiform bone
34
What are examples sesamoid bones?
patella and pisiform bone
35
What is cartilage?
- connective tissue
- cushions between bones of a joint
36
What are ligaments?
- tough fibrous tissues
- bone to bone
- stability
37
What are tendons?
- muscle to bone
- movement
38
What are the 3 Types of joints
FCs
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
39
What are fibrous joints?
- connected by fibrous tissue
- no movement
- bone + skull
40
What are cartilaginous joints?
- connected by cartilage
- limited movement
- vertebrae + spine
41
What are synovial joints?
- common
- synovial cavity (synovial fluid helps reduce friction)
- free movement
- 6 types
42
What the 6 types of synovial joints?
- Ball and socket joint
- Hinge joint
- Pivot joint
- Gliding joint
- Saddle joint
- Condyloid joint
43
What is a ball and socket joint?
- extensive movement
- hip + shoulder
44
What is a hinge joint?
- one direction only
- flexion and extension
- elbow + knee
45
What is a pivot joint?
- rotational movement on a central axis
- neck
46
What is a gliding joint?
- allows bones to slide past each other
- limited movement
- wrist + ankle
47
What is a saddle joint?
- only found thumb
- allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
48
What is a condyloid joint?
- shallow ball + socket
- radius and carpal joint
49
What are anatomical movements?
when there is a change in position in one or more joints.
50
What does superior mean?
closer to head
51
What does inferior mean?
lower to ground
52
What does anterior/ventral mean?
close to front of body
53
What does posterior/dorsal mean?
close to back/rear of body
54
What does medial mean?
towards middle/centre
55
What does lateral mean?
towards side of body
56
What does proximal mean?
close to a point of reference
57
What does distal mean?
far from centre
58
What does superficial mean?
on surface or shallow
59
What does deep mean?
extending far down from top
60
What does palmar mean?
the side of hand that palm is on
61
What does plantar mean?
relating to sole of foot??
62
What is extension?
- movement that increases angle
- obtusifing
63
What is flexion?
- movement that decreases angle
- detusinfing
64
What is adduction?
move body part toward centre
65
What is abduction?
move body part away from centre
66
What is supination?
turing palm upward
67
What is pronation?
turning palm downward
68
What is inversion?
sole of foot towards mindline
69
What is eversion?
sole of foot away from midline
70
What is dorsi-flexion?
lift foot up
71
What is plantar-flexion?
point feet down
72
What are muscles responsible for?
movement
73
What are the 3 different types of muscles?
- skeletal (voluntary movement)
- smooth (involuntary movement)
- cardiac (involuntary movement heart)
74
What are muscles made of?
muscle fibres
75
What are muscle fibres?
long, slender cells that specialise in contraction
76
What do muscle fibres contain?
- myofibrils
- made of two proteins (actin + myosin)
77
What happens to the myofibrils (actin and myosin) when a muscle is stimulated?
- actin and myosin filaments slide past each other causes muscle fibres to contract
78
What is the start, middle and end of a muscle called?
- epimysium
- perimysium
- muscle fibre
79
What are smooth muscles?
- line walls of hollow organs
- involuntary
- contract in slow rhythmic patterns
80
What are cardiac muscles?
- found in heart
- intertwined fibres assist with forcing blood in arteries
- involuntary
81
What are skeletal muscles?
- attached to bones by tendons
- create voluntary movement
- agonist contracts and antagonist relaxes to create movement
82
What is reciprocal inhibition?
- one muscles contracts (agonist)
- one muscle relaxes (antagonist)
- creates movement
83
Whats the muscle fibre order from biggest to smallest?
- muscle fibre
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- myofibril
- sarcomere
- actin and myosin
84
What are the two types of muscle fibres?
slow twitch and fast twitch
85
What are slow twitch fibres?
- red
- aerobic + endurance
- high capillary density
- more mitochondria and oxidative enzymes
- higher triglyceride stores
- use higher oxygen volumes
- slower fatigue rates
86
What are fast twitch fibres?
- white
- speed + power
- more phosphocreatine, glycogen and glycolytic enzymes
- makes energy faster
- 2 sub groups IIA and IIB
87
What are the two different types of fast twitch fibres?
- Type IIA (partially aerobic)
- Type IIB (purely anaerobic)
88
What does aerobic mean?
with the presence of oxygen
89
What is mitochondria?
cell organelle that makes energy for chemical reactions
90
What are oxidative enzymes?
enzymes that catalyse a oxidation reaction
91
What are triglyceride stores?
used for store excess triglycerides to make energy
92
What is capillary density?
number capillaries in a cross section
93
What is phosphocreatine?
organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid found in muscle vertebrates
94
What is glycogen?
a form of glucose and main source of energy in muscles
95
What are glycolytic enzymes?
enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of glucose
96
What does anaerobic mean?
without presence of oxygen
97
What are the 3 types of muscular contractions?
- Isoinertial
- Isometric
- Isokinetic
98
What are isoinertial contractions?
- change in length
- under constant load
99
What are isometric contractions?
- doesn't change in length
100
What are isokinetic contractions?
- constant force throughout whole range of motion
- only on machines
