Sweetness (Final Review)

Question 1

Alternative sweetener classifications include:

Answer 1

1. Polyols
2. Intense sweeteners
3. nonnutritive sweeteners

Question 2

sugar alcohols:

Answer 2

polyols

Question 3

Polyols are ____ of the caloric content of sucrose

Answer 3

40%

Question 4

Polyols have physical characteristics similar to:

Answer 4

sucrose

Question 5

List the types of polyols: (4)

Answer 5

1. sorbitol
2. mannitol
3. erythritol
4. xylitol

Question 6

Type of polyol that occurs naturally in fruits and berries:

Answer 6

sorbitol

Question 7

Sorbitol is ____% as sweet as sucrose

Answer 7

60

Question 8

Discuss the cariogenicity of the polyol sorbitol:

Answer 8

Yes- sorbitol is considered noncariogenic, however it is slowly fermented by S. Mutans

Sorbitol is shown to be cariogenic in patients with decreased salivary function

Question 9

When is sorbitol shown to be cariogenic (even through it is considered noncariogenic)

Answer 9

In patients with decrease salivary function

Question 10

Sorbitol can cause ____ if large quantities are digested

Answer 10

GI issues

Question 11

Naturally occurring polyol found in seaweed:

Answer 11

Mannitol

Question 12

Discuss the cariogenicity of the polyol mannitol:

Answer 12

Virtually no cariogenic activity due to slow metabolism from oral microorganisms

Question 13

Used as a dusting agent for chewing gum and bulking agent in powdered foods:

Answer 13

mannitol

Question 14

mannitol has _____% of the relative sweetness of sugar

Answer 14

50-70%

Question 15

Lingers in the intestines and may cause bloating/diarrhea:

Answer 15

mannitol

Question 16

Polyol that is safe for diabetics as it does not affect blood glucose levels after ingestion:

Answer 16

erythritol

Question 17

Sweetness level of erythritol is _____ of sucrose

Answer 17

60-80%

Question 18

Erythritol is a polyol containing:

Answer 18

zero calories

Question 19

When erythritol is eaten in excessive amounts may cause:

Answer 19

GI discomfort

Question 20

Discuss the cariogenicity of the polyol erythritol:

Answer 20

Noncariogenic; inhibits the growth of streptococcus mutans

Question 21

A naturally occurring caloric 5-carbon sugar alcohol:

Answer 21

xylitol

Question 22

Discuss the cariogenicity of xylitol:

Answer 22

nonfermentable by oral bacteria (noncariogenic) & exhibits antibacterial properties

Question 23

Produced commercially from birch trees, corncobs and the waste from sugarcane:

Answer 23

Xylitol

Question 24

The sweetness of Xylitol approximates that of _____, however it is 10x ______

Answer 24

sucrose; more costly to produce

Question 25

Primarily used in chewing gum, mints, toothpaste, and sometime sound in syrup & candy:

Answer 25

xylitol

Question 26

What polyol stimulates salivary secretion?

Answer 26

Xylitol

Question 27

Describe Xylitol effects as an antibacterial:

Answer 27

1. decreases bacterial metabolism & produces a drop in dental plaque pH 2. promotes the selection of xylitol-resistant mutans streoptococci 3. stimulates salivary secretion

Question 28

Xylitol-containing products should be recommended in addition to ______ for patient-based caries management with xylitol

Answer 28

daily fluoride exposure

Question 29

At least ______ per day is needed to achieve optimum therapeutic effect on S. Mutans:

Answer 29

5g of xylitol per day

Question 30

Daily intake of xylitol for patient-based caries management:

Answer 30

5g per day -daily intake should be divided into 3 to 4 doses with exposure time of 5-10 min with each dose

Question 31

T/F: Xylitol produces that actively stimulate salivary flow should be recommended

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T/F: Products should ideally have xylitol in combination with other sweeteners for caries management

Answer 32

False- products should ideally have xylitol as the single sweetner

Question 33

When recommending xylitol products be sure to make it known to patients that:

Answer 33

Xylitol is HIGHLY TOXIC to dogs

Question 34

List the types of intense sweetners: (3)

Answer 34

1. Saccharin 2. Aspartame 3. Sucralose

Question 35

Saccharin is ______ times sweeter than sucrose

Answer 35

200-700

Question 36

Discuss the nutrition benefits & cariogenicity of Saccharin:

Answer 36

Nonnutritive & noncariogenic

Question 37

The oldest artificial sweetener used in the US (Sweet 'N' Low):

Answer 37

Saccharin

Question 38

Saccharin may be used as a sweetener in some:

Answer 38

toothpastes

Question 39

Aspartame is ____ times sweeter than sucrose

Answer 39

200x

Question 40

_____ account for more than 70% of aspartame consumption

Answer 40

soft drinks

Question 41

The FDA requires food containing aspartame have the following label:

Answer 41

PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALALINE

Question 42

The FDA requires foods containing ______ to have the label: PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE

Answer 42

Asparatame

Question 43

Sucralose is a _____ sweetner

Answer 43

intense

Question 44

Discuss the nutrition properties & cariogenicity of Sucralose:

Answer 44

noncariogenic, nonnutritive

Question 45

Sucralose is _____ times sweeter than sucrose

Answer 45

600x

Question 46

An intense sweetener that is poorly absorbed and is largely excreted in the feces & urine unchanged

Answer 46

Sucralose

Question 47

Which intense sweetener has no carcinogenic risk posed to humans?

Answer 47

Sucralose

Question 48

Nonnutrivite sweeteners include:

Answer 48

1. stevioside (stevia) 2. monk fruit

Question 49

Natural sweetener extracted fro the leaves of a shrub found in South America:

Answer 49

Stevioside (stevia)

Question 50

Stevioside (stevia) is ____ times sweeter than table sugar

Answer 50

100-300

Question 51

Because stevioside is heat stable, it is good for:

Answer 51

baking

Question 52

Discuss the cariogenicity of stevioside:

Answer 52

supports the prevention of caries; streptococcus mutans experience growth suppression and secrete less acid with presence of stevioside

Question 53

The FDA approved Stevioside (stevia) in 2008 and categorized it as:

Answer 53

Generally recognized as safe (GRAS)

Question 54

Monk fruit is a _____ sweetener extracted from monk fruit

Answer 54

natural, zero-calorie

Question 55

Monk fruit is high in antioxidants called _____ - making it _____ times sweeter than table sugar

Answer 55

mogrosides; 100-250x

Question 56

Used for centuries in Chinese medicine and the FDA approved it as a sweetener in 2010:

Answer 56

monk fruit