11Lang - metalanguage > Syntax > Flashcards

Syntax Flashcards

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1
Q

Noun phrase

A
  1. (det)2 (adv)* (adj)* N
  2. pronoun
  3. proper noun
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2
Q

Verb phrase

A

(mod) (aux)2 lex

can include adverbs

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3
Q

Prepositional phrase

A
  1. prep + NP
  2. prep
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4
Q

Tests for phrases

A
  1. substitution (replace with a single word)
  2. movement (move as a whole)
  3. can have phrases within phrases
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5
Q

How can prepositional phrases function?

A
  1. adjectival - describe a noun
  2. adverbial - when, where, how, how much, how often
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6
Q

Types of clauses

A
  1. independent/main
  2. dependent/subordinate
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7
Q

What is a main clause?

A

can stand alone

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8
Q

What is a subordinate clause?

A

can’t stand alone

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9
Q

Types of subordinate clause

A
  1. non-finite verb
  2. relative
  3. subordinating conjunction
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10
Q

Clause v. phrase

A

clauses = subject + verb that agree
(although the subject can be omitted)

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11
Q

What is a subject?

A
  1. the noun phrase that comes before the verb
  2. (most of the time) that ‘does’ the action of the verb
    NOTE must identify the whole phrase
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12
Q

What are the forms of ‘to be’?

A

be / being / been / is / am / are / was / were

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13
Q

What are the forms of ‘to do’?

A

do / doing / done / did / does

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14
Q

What are the forms of ‘to have’?

A

have / has / had / having

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15
Q

What is a direct object?

A
  1. a NP directly influenced/affected by the action of the verb
  2. always comes after the verb
  3. answers ‘who’ ‘what’
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16
Q

What is an indirect object?

A
  1. a NP that is indirectly affected/influenced by the action of the verb
  2. always comes after the verb
  3. often comes (or could come) after a preposition
  4. answers ‘to whom’ ‘for whom’ ‘for what’
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17
Q

a transitive verb

A

takes a direct object

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18
Q

a ditransitive verb

A

takes a direct AND indirect object

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19
Q

an intransitive verb

A

takes no object

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20
Q

True or false? A verb can only be transitive, ditransitive or intransitive

A

False - you need to look at the given sentence

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21
Q

a copular verb

A

is when the subject and the complement (the ‘thing’ on the other side of the verb) refer to the same entity

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22
Q

True or false? A complement is always a noun phrase

A

False - it can be an adjective, a prepositional phrase, a clause etc. (e.g. I am happy)

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23
Q

a complement

A

is the entity on the other side of a copular verb

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24
Q

True or false? A verb can be intransitive and copular

A

True - if it is copular, it is not taking an object so is intransitive

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25
What are the three tenses?
past, present, future
26
What are the four aspects?
simple, perfect, progressive, perfect progressive
27
Which morpheme indicates the progressive aspect?
-ing
28
Which auxiliary verb indicates the perfect aspect?
to have
29
Which modal verb indicates future tense?
will
30
Past or present? Has
present
31
Past or present? Have
present
32
Past or present? Had
past
33
What is a finite verb?
1. first verb in the phrase (of a main clause) 2. indicates tense, number, person 3. all modal verbs
34
What is a non-finite verb?
1. does not indicate tense, number or person 2. all infinitive verbs 'to __' 3. all -ing participles, -en participles (e.g. eaten)
35
Relative clause
1. begin with relative pronoun (these can be omitted) 2. provide more information about the preceding noun
36
person
first, second, third
37
first person
1. the action is happening to the narrator 2. I, we, us, me, my, mine, our
38
second person
1. you, your
39
third person
1. the action is happening to someone that is not the narrator 2. he, she, it, they, him, her, theirs
40
plural
more than one
41
singular
one
42
number
singular or plural
43
comparative
comparing two things 1. -er 2. more
44
superlative
saying one thing is the best (most super) 1. -est 2. most
45
sentence types
declarative imperative interrogative exclamative
46
declarative
1. SV(X) 2. a statement 3. can be fact, opinion, neutral, commanding, long, short etc.
47
interrogative
1. inversion of subject + (aux) V 2. question word + inversion of subject + (aux) V 3. a question 4. NOT indicated by punctuation or rising intonation etc.
48
imperative
1. V(X) 2. implied but omitted second person subject 3. a command 4. CAN include polite forms and names
49
exclamative
1. what/how + statement 2. NOT indicated by punctuation 3. must include a verb to be a sentence / otherwise exclamative fragment
50
sentence structure
simple compound complex compound-complex
51
simple sentence
one VP
52
compound sentence
1. two (or more) main clauses 2. joined by FANBOYS or ;
53
FANBOYS
for and nor but or yet so
54
co-ordinating conjunctions
FANBOYS for and nor but or yet so
55
is because a co-ordinating or subordinating conjunction?
subordinating
56
is but a co-ordinating or subordinating conjunction?
co-ordinating
57
complex sentence
one main clause + two (or more) sub clauses
58
compound-complex sentence
two (or more) main clauses + one (or more) sub clauses
59
steps to find sentence structure
1. find + highlight verb phrases 2. find clause boundaries and how they are joined 3. determine types of clauses 4. label sentence structure
60
fragment
not a grammatically complete sentence
61
ellipsis
leaving words out of a sentence
62
types of voice
1. active 2. passive 3. agentless passive
63
active voice
the NP in subject position is actively doing the action of the verb SV(X)
64
passive voice
the NP in subject position is NOT doing the action of the verb the NP doing the action of the verb is made an agent introduced by a 'by phrase'
65
to find passive voice
1. check if the subject is 'doing the verb' 2. aux 'to be' in the verb phrase 3. by phrase (agent) note you can use 'got' instead of 'to be'
66
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