T1 L1 An overview of immunology

Question 1

What is an antigen?

Answer 1

Anything the immune system responds to

Usually a protein

Question 2

What is an antigen receptor?

Answer 2

Recognises the antigen

Question 3

What is an effector mechanism?

Answer 3

The action to respond to the antigen

Question 4

What immune system has gremlin encoded pattern recognition receptors?

Answer 4

Innate

Question 5

What do common lymphoid progenitors differentiate into?

Answer 5

B cell
T cell
NK cell

Question 6

What do macrophage (granulocyte) progenitors differentiate into?

Answer 6

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Unknown precursor of mast cell
Monocyte

Question 7

What is the role of a neutrophil?

Answer 7

Phagocytosis

Question 8

What is the appearance of a neutrophil?

Answer 8

Large cell
Granular cytoplasm
Multilobe nucleus

Question 9

What is the role of an eosinophil?

Answer 9

Not fully understood but found at sites of allergic inflammation and parasitic infections

Question 10

What is the appearance of an eosinophil?

Answer 10

Granular cytoplasm

Question 11

What is the role of a monocyte?

Answer 11

Phagocytosis

Antigen presentation

Question 12

What is the role of a dendritic cell?

Answer 12

Antigen presentation

Question 13

What is the role of a basophil?

Answer 13

Allergic reactions

Parasitic infections - role is still slightly unclear

Question 14

What is the appearance of lymphoid cells?

Answer 14

Similar size to RBC
Little cytoplasm
Few granules

Question 15

What are the roles of B cells?

Answer 15

Make antibody

Antigen presentation

Question 16

What are the roles of NK cells?

Answer 16

Direct lysis of infection cells and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Question 17

Where is lymphoid tissue?

Answer 17

Adenoid
Tonsil
Right  and left subclavian vein
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Peyer's patchy in small intestine
Large intestine
Lymph nodes
Kidney
Appendix
Lymphatics
Bone marrow

Question 18

What is endocrine signalling?

Answer 18

Long distance signalling

Question 19

What is paracrine signalling?

Answer 19

Acts on adjacent cell

Question 20

What is autocrine signalling?

Answer 20

Acts on same cell

Question 21

What is juxtacrine signalling?

Answer 21

Contact dependent mechanism

Question 22

What are cytokines?

Answer 22

Small proteins released by cells that have an effect on another cell

Question 23

What are chemokine?

Answer 23

Small proteins similar to cytokines but a different structure, receptors and nomenclature

Question 24

What do pattern recognition receptors recognise?

Answer 24

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Question 25

What are the key features of innate antigen receptors?

Answer 25

Work quickly so are first line of defence | No memory as they are germline encoded

Question 26

Where is mannose binding ligand produced?

Answer 26

In the liver then secreted into the bloodstream

Question 27

What does mannose binding ligand bind to?

Answer 27

Mannose and fucose residues with correct spacing

Question 28

How are adaptive antigen receptors produced?

Answer 28

Random somatic recombination events

Question 29

What do B cells recognise?

Answer 29

Intact antigens

Question 30

What do T cell receptors recognise?

Answer 30

Processed antigens in form of linear peptides

Question 31

How are the most useful receptors selected after somatic recombination events?

Answer 31

After birth upon exposure to pathogens

Question 32

What are some effector mechanisms?

Answer 32

``` Barriers Cytokines Complement Phagocytosis Cytotoxicity Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity Mast cell and eosinophil degradation ```

Question 33

What are the cardinal features of inflammation?

Answer 33

Hot Painful Red Swollen

Question 34

What are the blood vessel changes in acute inflammation?

Answer 34

Vasodilatation Adhesion molecules Increased permeability