T1 L8 Regulating immunological responses: the roles of cytokines and chemokines

Question 1

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a megakaryocytic?

Answer 1

TPO

Question 2

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to an erythrocyte?

Answer 2

EPO

Question 3

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a mast cell?

Answer 3

SCF
G-CSF
GM-CSF

Question 4

What stimulates differentiation from a common myeloid progenitor to a myeloblast?

Answer 4

GM-CSF

Question 5

What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a basophil or neutrophil?

Answer 5

G-CSF

GM-CSF

Question 6

What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a eosinophil?

Answer 6

IL-5

GM-CSF

Question 7

What stimulates differentiation from a myeloblast to a monocyte?

Answer 7

GM-CSF

Question 8

What is GM-CSF?

Answer 8

Main cytokine that will direct stem cells towards macrophages and granulocyte lineage

Question 9

What is IFN-alpha made by?

Answer 9

Lymphocytes

Question 10

What is IFN-beta made by?

Answer 10

Fibroblasts

Question 11

What is IFN-gamma made by?

Answer 11

Lymphocytes

NK cells

Question 12

Give examples of T-cell growth factors

Answer 12

IL-2
IL-7
IL-9
IL-15

Question 13

Why is TNF not used as an anti-cancer agent?

Answer 13

It was too toxic

Question 14

What are the 3 main types of effector T cells?

Answer 14

Th1 & Th2
CD8 T-cells
CD4 T-cells

Question 15

What molecules do CD8 T-cells release?

Answer 15

Perforin
Granzymes
Cytokine IFN-gamma
Fas-ligand

Question 16

What are Th1 cells specialised for?

Answer 16

Activation of macrophages that are infected or have ingested pathogens
Secrete IFN-gamma
Express membrane bound CD40-ligand and/or Fas ligand

Question 17

What are Th2 cells specialised for?

Answer 17

B-cell activation

Question 18

What does IL-2 production lead to?

Answer 18

T-cell proliferation and potentiates release of other cytokines

Question 19

What does IL-3 and GM-CSF stimulate the production of?

Answer 19

New macrophages by acting on haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

Question 20

What does TNF-alpha & LT-beta do?

Answer 20

Signal macrophages to leave bloodstream and enter tissue

Question 21

What does MCP-1 signal?

Answer 21

Macrophages to migrate into sites of infection

Question 22

What does the Fas ligand or LT-alpha do?

Answer 22

Kills chronically infected cells, releasing bacteria which is destroyed by fresh macrophages

Question 23

What is X-linked SCID?

Answer 23

Severe combined immunodeficiency

Caused by genetic inactivation of one receptor that is a common signalling component of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-7 receptors

Question 24

How can X-linked SCID be caused?

Answer 24

Bone marrow transplants

Question 25

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 25

Heat Swelling Redness Pain

Question 26

What causes the redness, heat and swelling in inflammation?

Answer 26

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 27

What are some TNF-mediated diseases?

Answer 27

``` Septic shock Multiple organ failure Respiratory distress syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease Graft versus host rejection Diabetes Pulmonary fibrosis ```

Question 28

What does Treg produce & what is the role of this?

Answer 28

IL-10 which inhibits the activity of other T-cells leading to anti-inflammation

Question 29

What is IL-2 used to treat?

Answer 29

Melanoma | Renal cell carcinoma

Question 30

What is IFN-alpha used to treat?

Answer 30

Hair-cell leukaemia Kaposi Viral hepatitis

Question 31

What is GM-CSF used to treat?

Answer 31

Myeloid reconstitution following bone marrow transplant | Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

Question 32

What is G-CSF used to treat?

Answer 32

Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

Question 33

What is IL-11 used to treat?

Answer 33

Thrombocytopenia in oncology

Question 34

What is EPO used to treat?

Answer 34

Anaemia

Question 35

What is anti-TNF & sTNFR used to treat?

Answer 35

Rheumatoid arthritis Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis Psoriasis

Question 36

What is IL-1Ra used to treat?

Answer 36

Rheumatoid arthritis | Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS)

Question 37

What is anti-IL-6, IL-6R used ti treat?

Answer 37

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 38

What is anti-IL-17, 12 & 23 used to treat?

Answer 38

Psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Crohn's disease

Question 39

What is anti-IL-5 used to treat?

Answer 39

Asthma | Eosinophilic granulomatosis

Question 40

What is anti-IL-4R used to treat?

Answer 40

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Question 41

What are the side effects of anti-TNF, anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-6?

Answer 41

Increased susceptibility to TB | Increased susceptibility to serious opportunistic infections e.g. listeria and pneumocytosis