T2 L10 Principles of articulation Flashcards by Olivia Tolson

A joint is a point of contact between what?

Neighbouring bones
Bone and cartilage
Bone and teeth

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What are the 2 ways joints can be classified?

Structural classification

Functional classification

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What are the examples of shoulder articulation?

Glenohumeral
Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular

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What is structure classification based on?

Presence or absence of synovial cavity and type of connective tissue

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What is functional classification based on?

Degree of movement permitted

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What is synarthrosis?

Immovable

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What is amphiarthrosis?

Partially moveable

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What is diarthrosis?

Freely moveable

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Describe fibrous joints

No synovial cavity
Held together by fibrous connective tissue
Permits little or no movement

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What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Suture
Syndesmosis
Interosseous membrane

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Describe suture fibrous joints

Unite skull bones
Thin layer of dense connective tissue
Irregular
Interlocking edges to provide strength &amp; permit no movement
Ossification of suture forms synostosis

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Give an example of a synostosis

Left and right sides of frontal bone which fuse around 6 years of age

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Describe a syndesmosis fibrous joint

More connective tissue than a suture joint
Crosses greater distance than suture
Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles
Typically permits slight movement

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Give examples of syndesmosis fibrous joint

Distal tibiofibular joint connected by anterior tibiofibular ligament
Gomphosis - mobile peg and socket joint

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Describe an interosseous membrane joint

Sheet of dense connective tissue
Binds adjacent long bones
Partially moveable (amphiparthrosis)

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What are some examples of interosseous membrane joints?

Between radius and ulna

Between tibia and fibia

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Describe cartilaginous joints

No synovial cavity
Held together by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Permits little or no movement

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What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Synchrondosis

Symphysis

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What type of cartilage is in a synchrondosis joint?

Hyaline cartilage

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Give an example of a synchrondosis joint

Epiphyseal plate

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What type of cartilage is in a symphysis joint?

Fibrocartilage

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Describe a symphysis joint

Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage but with broad disc of fibrocartilage connecting the bones
Partially moveable

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Give examples of symphysis joints

Junction of manubrium and sternum
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

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Describe articular cartilage

Covers bones at synovial joints
Avascular
Composed of collagen and proteoglycans
Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression and an extremely low-resistance surface

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What does the articular capsule surround?

Encapsulates synovial joint

What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule?

Outer fibrous membrane | Inner layer of synovial membrane

Describe the outer fibrous membrane of the articular capsule

Connects to periosteum Flexibility permits movement Fibres arranged into bundles giving high tensile strength

Describe the inner synovial membrane of the articular capsule

Areolar connective tissue Rich in elastic fibres Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads which stop the 2 surfaces rubbing together

What is synovial fluid secreted from?

From fibroblast cells in synovial membrane and interstitial fluid from blood plasma

What are the functions of the synovial fluid?

Lubricates articular surface to reduce friction Provides some shock-absorbing properties Supplies nutrition to and removes waste products from avascular articular cartilage Phagocytes remove microbes and debris

What are the 2 types of accessory ligaments in synovial joints?

Intracapsular ligaments | Extracapsular ligaments

Where are the intracapsular ligaments?

Lie within joint capsule

Give examples of intracapsular ligaments

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee

Where are extracapsular ligaments?

Lie outside joint capsule

Give an example of an extracapsular ligament

Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of knee

What are accessory articular discs?

Fibrocartilage pads that lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints

Give an example of an accessory articular disc

Meniscus of knee

What is the function of the accessory articular discs?

Help maintain joint stability | Direct flow of synovial fluid

What are bursae and what is their function?

Fluid filled sacs lined with synovial-like membrane | Function: cushion movement between body parts

What are tendon sheaths?

Similar to bursae Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons Common where many tendons come together and pass through synovial joint capsule

What movements does a planar joint allow?

Back and forth | Side to side movements

What are some examples of planar joints?

Intercarpal joints | Intersarsal joints between tarsal bones at ankle

what movements does a hinge joint allow?

Motion in a single axis e.g. flexion and extension

What are some examples of hinge joints?

Knee joints | Elbow joints

What movements does a pivot joint allow?

Rotation in its longitudinal axis (monomial)

Give an example of pivot joints

Radioulnar joint | Atlanto-axial joints (C1 to C2 axial joints)

What movements does a condyloid joint allow?

Movement around 2 axis - flexion and extension - abduction and adduction

Give an example of a condyloid joint

Wrist joint | Metacarpophalangeal joint

What movement does a saddle joint allow?

Movement around 2 axis - flexion and extension - abduction and adduction

Give an example of a saddle joint

Carpometacarpal joint

What movement does a ball and socket joint allow?

Triaxial movement around 3 planes - flexion and extension - abduction and adduction - rotation

Give examples of a ball and socket joint

Shoulder joint | Hip joint

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Synovial ball and socket joint

What 3 ligaments stabilise the glenohumeral joint?

Glenohumeral Coracohumeral Transverse humeral

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles>

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

What are the functions of the rotator cuff muscles?

Provide most of strength for glenohumeral joint Join scapula with humerus Encircle joint and fuse with joint capsule

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Synovial gliding joint (planar) but acts like a pivot

What 3 ligaments stabilise the acromioclavicular joint?

Acromioclavicular Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Synovial saddle joint capable of triaxial movement

What are the 3 ligaments that stabilise the sternoclavicular joint?

Interclavicular Anterior sternoclavicular Inferior sternoclavicular

T2 L10 Principles of articulation Flashcards

(60 cards)