T1 L3 Topography of the brain

Question 1

What is neurulation?

Answer 1

Formation of the embryonic neural plate & its transformation into the neural tube

Question 2

What is the notochord?

Answer 2

Small flexible rod made from cells of the mesoderm

Question 3

What do neural crest cells differentiate into?

Answer 3

Neurons & glia of sensory & autonomic nervous systems
Cells of adrenal gland
Epidermis
Skeletal / connective tissue of the head

Question 4

What does the mantle layer become?

Answer 4

Brain parenchyma

Question 5

What happens to the ependymal layer?

Answer 5

Lines ventricles

Question 6

What is anencephaly?

Answer 6

Failure of anterior neuropore to close
Fatal
Entire forebrain is exposed

Question 7

How common is anencephaly?

Answer 7

1 in 1000 pregnancies

Question 8

What is spina bifida?

Answer 8

Failure of posterior neural tube to close
Causes open vertebral canal
Occulta - hidden, vertebral arch defect only
Cystic - meningocele - meninges projects out

Question 9

How common is spina bifida?

Answer 9

1-2 in 1000 pregnancies

Question 10

What does the prosencephalon vesicle form?

Answer 10

Forebrain

Question 11

What does the mesencephalon vesicle form?

Answer 11

Midbrain

Question 12

What does the rhombencephalon vesicle form?

Answer 12

Hindbrain

Question 13

What primary vesicle forms the forebrain?

Answer 13

Prosencephalon

Question 14

What primary vesicle forms the midbrain?

Answer 14

Mesencephalon

Question 15

What primary vesicle forms the hindbrain?

Answer 15

Rhombencephalon

Question 16

What does the telencephalon vesicle form?

Answer 16

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 17

What does the optic vesicles form?

Answer 17

Eyes

Question 18

What does the diencephalon vesicle form?

Answer 18

Thalamus / hypothalamus

Question 19

What does the metencephalon vesicle form?

Answer 19

Pons / cerebellum

Question 20

What does the myelencephalon vesicle form?

Answer 20

Medulla

Question 21

What secondary vesicle forms the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 21

Telencephalon

Question 22

What secondary vesicles forms the eyes?

Answer 22

Optic vesicles

Question 23

What secondary vesicles forms the thalamus / hypothalamus

Answer 23

Diencephalon

Question 24

What secondary vesicles forms the pons / cerebellum

Answer 24

Metencephalon

Question 25

What secondary vesicles forms the medulla

Answer 25

Myelencephalon

Question 26

What is grey matter?

Answer 26

Mainly neuronal cell bodies | Includes cerebral cortex & brain nuclei

Question 27

What is white matter?

Answer 27

Myelinated axons

Question 28

What does the central sulcus divide?

Answer 28

The frontal and parietal lobes

Question 29

What does the lateral sulcus divide?

Answer 29

The temporal and parietal lobes

Question 30

Describe the properties of the cerebral cortex

Answer 30

Outer layer of cerebral hemispheres Fairly thin at 2-5mm Folded to form gyri & sulci

Question 31

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 31

White matter tract linking the cerebral hemispheres

Question 32

What are the 3 parts of the corpus callosum?

Answer 32

Genu Body Splenium

Question 33

What is the limbic system involved in?

Answer 33

Emotion | Memory

Question 34

What is the basal ganglia involved in?

Answer 34

Control of posture | Voluntary movement

Question 35

What does the limbic system span?

Answer 35

Telencephalon | Diencephalon

Question 36

What are the main components of the limbic system?

Answer 36

``` Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate cortex Fornix Hypothalamus Mammillary bodies ```

Question 37

What is the fornix?

Answer 37

Semi-circular white matter connecting the hippocampus with mammillary bodies

Question 38

What are basal ganglia?

Answer 38

Series of interconnectivle nuclei at base of forebrain

Question 39

What does the corpus striatum divide into?

Answer 39

Caudate nucleus | Lentiform nucleus which divides into putamen & globes pallid us

Question 40

What shape is the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 40

Lens shaped

Question 41

What shape is the caudate nucleus?

Answer 41

C-shaped

Question 42

Describe the thalamus

Answer 42

Paired structure Relays sensory information to cortex Involved with voluntary movement, personality & consciousness

Question 43

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 43

Inferior to thalamus | Sits below optic chasm & mammillary bodies

Question 44

What does homeostasis do?

Answer 44

Coordinates ANS & endocrine responses Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms Receives inputs from limbic system

Question 45

What is the brainstem made up of?

Answer 45

Midbrain Pons Medulla

Question 46

What is contained within the brainstem?

Answer 46

Cranial nerve nuclei Vital respiratory & cardiovascular centres Vomiting centre Nuclei involved with motor control & sleep White matter tracts

Question 47

What is in the midbrain?

Answer 47

``` Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Substantial nigra Red nucleus Cerebral peduncies ```

Question 48

What does the superior colliculus do?

Answer 48

Vision

Question 49

What does the inferior colliculus do?

Answer 49

Auditory

Question 50

What does the red nucleus do?

Answer 50

Motor coordination - relay between cortex & cerebellum

Question 51

What does the pons do?

Answer 51

Relays information to the cerebellum | Contains reticular formation - nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control

Question 52

What does the medulla oblongata contain?

Answer 52

Nuclei important in controlling respiration & the cardiovascular system

Question 53

Describe the cerebellum

Answer 53

``` Posterior to brainstem Outer grey matter Underlying white matter 2 cerebellar hemispheres 3 lobes Contains nuclei ```

Question 54

What is the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 54

Motor control Control of posture Coordination & planning limb movements Control of eye movements

Question 55

What are the 3 lobes in the cerebellum?

Answer 55

Anterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe Posterior lobe