T1 L4 Neural tissues

Question 1

What does an afferent neuron do?

Answer 1

Transmits sensory information to the brain/spinal cord

Question 2

What does an efferent neuron do?

Answer 2

Motor neurons transmitting information from the brain to effector organ i.e. a muscle

Question 3

What is a ganglion?

Answer 3

Group of cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 4

Give an example of a sensory ganglion

Answer 4

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 5

What is dorsal?

Answer 5

Towards the spine/back

Question 6

What is ventral?

Answer 6

Towards the belly

Question 7

What is caudal?

Answer 7

Towards the tail

Question 8

What is rostral?

Answer 8

Towards the nose

Question 9

What is caudal?

Answer 9

Towards the tail

Question 10

What are brodmann areas?

Answer 10

System for naming cortical areas. Each area has a particular set of inputs & outputs & often a specific function.

Question 11

What is brodmann area 4?

Answer 11

Primary motor cortex

Question 12

What is Brodmann area 17?

Answer 12

Primary visual cortex

Question 13

How many Brodmann areas are there?

Answer 13

52

Question 14

What does myelin do?

Answer 14

Electrically insultates

Increases conduction velocity

Question 15

What classifies a bipolar neuron?

Answer 15

One dendrite
One axon
Less of them
Sensory neutrons such as the retina

Question 16

What is divergent?

Answer 16

A single neuron sends its output signal to many neurons

Question 17

What is convergent?

Answer 17

Multiple inputs influence a single neuron

Question 18

What are interneurons?

Answer 18

Found only in CNS
Not motor or sensory
Process signals
Can be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 19

How much of the brain are interneurons?

Answer 19

80%

Question 20

What are glia?

Answer 20

Have no action potentials
Are able to divide
Do not form synapses
Form myelin sheathes

Question 21

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 21

Production / maintenance of myelin sheath in CNS

One oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons

Question 22

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

Answer 22

CNS

Question 23

What are astrocytes?

Answer 23

Star shaped
Support neurons
Assist neuronal development / growth
Protects neutrons from harmful substances
Its feet influence blood flow & blood-brain barrier

Question 24

Where are astrocytes found?

Answer 24

CNS

Question 25

What are microglia

Answer 25

``` Immune cells Protect neutrons from disease Migrate to injury sites Engulf microbes / debris Mesodermal origin ```

Question 26

Where are microglia found?

Answer 26

CNS

Question 27

What are ependymal cells?

Answer 27

They line the brain ventricles & central canal of spinal cord Form CSF Have cilia & microvilli

Question 28

Where are ependymal cells found?

Answer 28

CNS

Question 29

What are Schwann cells?

Answer 29

Produce / maintain myelin sheath PNS regeneration Similar to oligodendrocytes in the CNS

Question 30

Where are Schwann cells found?

Answer 30

PNS

Question 31

What are satellite cells?

Answer 31

Support neurons Regulate exchange of materials between neutrons & interstitial fluid Similar to astrocytes in CNS

Question 32

Where are satellite cells found?

Answer 32

PNS

Question 33

What glial cells are found in the central nervous system?

Answer 33

Astrocytes Oligodendrocyte Ependymal cell Microglial cell

Question 34

What glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 34

Schwann cells | Satellite cells

Question 35

What is a glioma?

Answer 35

Largest group of primary tumours derived from glial cells Usually highly malignant Grow rapidly Difficult to remove completely with surgery Usually inside cranium

Question 36

What is a neuroblastoma?

Answer 36

``` Tumour Most common in children & infants Outside cranium Derived from neural crest cells from sympathetic nervous system Increased catecholamine levels ```

Question 37

What is the prognosis for neuroblastomas?

Answer 37

Initial prognosis is typically good | Often develop neurological problems around 30 years later

Question 38

What are the most common source of tumours in the nervous system?

Answer 38

Glia

Question 39

Give examples of post-synaptic cells

Answer 39

Neuron Myocyte Gland

Question 40

What are pyramidal cells?

Answer 40

Main neuron in neurocortex

Question 41

Where are purkinje cells found?

Answer 41

In the cerebellum

Question 42

Where are dorsal root ganglion found?

Answer 42

Just outside the spinal cord